He aha ke aʻo makemakika kiʻekiʻe a no ke aha he mea nui ia?
ʻAoʻao 1: ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ke aʻo matematika kiʻekiʻe
ʻO kekahi o nā kumuhana hoʻonaʻauao koʻikoʻi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka makemakika ke kī i ka nui o kā mākou hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā a me nā hana maʻamau, nā mea e like me ke kūʻai ʻana, ka panakō, ka kuke ʻana, a me ka hoʻoponopono home. Eia kekahi, i kēia mau lā e ulu nei i ka ʻenehana hilinaʻi nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hana e koi i kahi pae o ka mākaukau ma ka makemakika a me ka ʻepekema. Loaʻa i nā haumāna i lawa ka ʻike makemakika a me nā mākau i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ke ʻano he poʻe mākua, me ka liʻiliʻi o nā manawa kūpono no ka hana kūpono a me ka emi ʻana o ke kūʻokoʻa waiwai. Ma muli o kēia mau kumu, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā haumāna e hoʻomohala i nā manaʻo makemakika koʻikoʻi a me nā mākaukau i ka wā ʻōpiopio. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 1970 ʻaʻole hana maikaʻi nā haumāna ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma nā loiloi makemakika e like me kā lākou mau hoa ma nā ʻāina ʻē.
Nā Hōʻike Huli
ʻO nā haʻawina, e like me nā mea ma lalo nei, ua hāpai i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka lawa o ke aʻo ʻana i ka makemakika ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
- I ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻohālikelike ka Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) i ka heluhelu ʻana i ka makemakika—ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hiki ke hōʻike, hoʻopili, a wehewehe i ka makemakika ma nā ʻano pōʻaiapili like ʻole—o nā haumāna he 15 makahiki ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me ka poʻe ma nā ʻāina ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Mai loko mai o 69 mau ʻāina, ʻo ʻAmelika ka helu 36th.
(Kastberg, Chan, & Murray, 2016) - Ma 2015, ua hōʻike ka Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā haumāna papa 8 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e nā haumāna ma Singapore, Republic of Korea, Kina, Iapana, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Canada, a me ʻIlelani.
(Provasnik, Malley, Stephens, Landeros, Perkins, & Tang, 2016) - I kēlā me kēia makahiki, mālama ka National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokō makemakika i nā haumāna papa 4, 8, a me 12 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hōʻike ka hana a nā haumāna i ka pae i loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻike a me nā mākau i manaʻo ʻia ma ko lākou pae papa. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hopena i hoʻokahi o nā pae ʻehā: Below Basic (little mastery), Basic (partial mastery), Proficient (mastery), a me Advanced (ma mua o ka haku). Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena 2022 no ka papa 4 a me 8 ma ka papa ma lalo. ʻO ka ʻikepili papa 12 mai 2019 no ka mea ʻaʻole i lawelawe ʻia ka loiloi i kēia heluna ma 2022.
(https://www.nationsreportcard.gov)
Hōʻike kēia pakuhi pahu i nā hopena o ka hoʻokō makemakika 2022 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) no nā papa 4 a me 8 a me ka ʻikepili 2019 no ka papa 12. Ua māhele ʻia ka papa ʻaina i ʻekolu kolamu—hoʻokahi no nā hopena o ka papa 4, hoʻokahi no nā hopena o ka papa 8, a ʻo ka hope no nā hopena o ka papa 12—a ua māhele ʻia kēlā me kēia kolamu i ʻelua lālani. Ua kapa ʻia ka lālani kiʻekiʻe ʻo "Students Proficient & Advanced," aʻo ka lalo i kapa ʻia ʻo "Students Basic & Below Basic."
Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hōʻike no ʻekolu ʻano o ka poʻe lawe hōʻike: "Nā Haumāna āpau," "Nā Haumāna Kino kīnā," a me "Nā Haʻawina Pelekane (ELs)." ʻO nā pahu "Nā Haumāna āpau" he aqua kala. ʻO nā pahu "Nā Haumāna me nā Kino kīnā" he peach. ʻO ka hope loa, he melemele nā pahu "Haʻawina Pelekane".
Ma ke kolamu papa 4, ʻo "Nā Haumāna a pau" he 36% ma ka laulā Maikaʻi & Kiʻekiʻe a me 64% ma ka laulā Basic & Below Basic. ʻO "Nā Haumāna me nā Kino kīnā" he 16% ma ka Proficient & Advanced a me 84% ma ka Basic & Below. Pēlā nō, he 14% ka "Haʻawina Pelekania" ma ka Mākaukau a me ka Kiʻekiʻe a me ka 86% ma ka Basic & Below.
Ma ke kolamu papa 8, ʻo "Nā Haumāna a pau" he 26% ma ka laulā Maikaʻi & Kiʻekiʻe a me 74% ma ka laulā Basic & Below Basic. ʻO "Nā Haumāna me ke kino kīnā" he 7% ma ka Proficient & Advanced a me 93% ma ka Basic & Below. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo "Nā Haʻawina Pelekania" he 4% ma ka Mākaukau & Kiʻekiʻe a me 96% ma ka Basic & Below.
Ma ke kolamu papa 12, ʻo "Nā Haumāna a pau" he 24% ma ka laulā Maikaʻi & Kiʻekiʻe a me 76% ma ka laulā Basic & Below Basic. ʻO "Nā Haumāna me ke kino kīnā" he 7% ma ka Proficient & Advanced a me 93% ma ka Basic & Below. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo "Nā Haʻawina Pelekania" he 3% i ka ʻike a me ka kiʻekiʻe a me 97% ma ke kumu a me lalo..
He aha ka hōʻike ʻana o kēia mau ʻikepili?
Ua ho'olālā 'ia ka ho'ā'o NAEP i hiki i nā haumāna i a'o i ka 'ike a me nā mākau i mana'o 'ia he mea ko'iko'i no ko lākou pae papa e helu 'ia ma ka pae "Maika'i" ma ka li'ili'i loa. Eia naʻe, hōʻike ka ʻikepili NAEP e hana ana ka hapa nui o nā haumāna ma nā pae "Below Basic" a me "Basic", e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike liʻiliʻi i ka ʻāpana. A ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia nele o ka mākaukau e hana i nā pilikia hou i nā pae ma hope, kahi e pono ai ka ʻike kumu o nā manaʻo makemakika a me nā kaʻina hana no ka holomua. E hāʻule paha nā haumāna ʻaʻole ʻike i nā mākau makemakika kumu ma nā papa mua i ko lākou holomua ʻana ma ke kula.
Me kēia mau mea a pau, e nānā hou i ka ʻikepili ma ka papa ma luna. E hoʻomaopopo he nui nā haumāna papa 4 (60%) ʻaʻole i mākaukau i ka ʻike a me nā mākau makemakika i manaʻo ʻia, he pākēneka ʻoi aku ka nui (75%) no nā haumāna ma ka papa 12. A ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hopena no nā haumāna me ke kino kīnā a me nā haumāna haumāna English (ELs).
ʻO ke kumu o kēia module ʻo ia ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kumu o ka hakakā ʻana o kekahi mau haumāna me ka makemakika a me nā hana e hiki ai i nā kumu ke hana e hāʻawi i kā lākou mau haumāna i kahi manawa maikaʻi loa e kūleʻa i ka lumi papa.
E noonoo i keia
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo nui o ke kulanui a me ka mākaukau ʻoihana i alakaʻi i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe no ka mākaukau makemakika haumāna, a me nā koi ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. ʻOiai i nā haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe i hala ma ka hapa nui o nā mokuʻāina ua koi ʻia e hoʻopau i ka Algebra 1 ma mua o ka puka ʻana, koi pinepine ʻia kēlā mau haumāna e hoʻopau i ka Algebra 1, Geometry, a me Algebra II. Eia hou, e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻikepili NAEP i hōʻike ʻia ma luna a noʻonoʻo i ka helu o nā haumāna e hakakā nei e hoʻokō i kēia mau koi hou.
No ke aha e hakakā nui ai kekahi mau haumāna me ka makemakika?
Nā Haumāna me ke kino kīnā
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka heluna kanaka holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā haumāna me ke kino kīnā e hōʻike ana i ka mākaukau ma ka makemakika. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia haumāna, nā haumāna me kahi pilikia aʻo makemakika (MLD) e hōʻike i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i kā lākou hana makemakika, e like me:
pilikia aʻo makemakika (MLD)
Glossary
- Paʻakikī i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka ʻike
- Paʻakikī ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike pili i nā pilikia makemakika, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia huaʻōlelo
- Paʻakikī i ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻike i loko o ka ʻōlelo makemakika a i ʻole ka hoohalike
- Pilikia ka mālama ʻana i ka nānā
- Paʻakikī i ke koho ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻoholo pilikia
- Ka noʻonoʻo maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hoʻoponopono pilikia
- Ke hana nei i loko o kahi pilikia me ka ʻike ʻole ua pau nā ʻanuʻu a i ʻole he kūpono ka pane
- Nā hemahema ma nā wahi o ka makemakika ʻoiaʻiʻo a me nā mākau helu
- Paʻakikī ka hoʻomanaʻo a me ka ʻōlelo
- Paʻakikī i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia multi-step
- Nawaliwali ka ike maka/spatial representational skills
- Paʻakikī i ka heluhelu ʻana e pili ana i ka makemakika
- Paʻakikī ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻōlelo, a i ʻole nā huaʻōlelo, o ka makemakika
- Paʻakikī ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo makemakika a me ka pili ʻana o nā manaʻo i nā kaʻina hana
- Pilikia makemakika
- Ua aʻo ʻia ke kōkua ʻole—ʻo ia hoʻi, ka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, ke aʻo paʻa ʻole, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kūleʻa a me nā hāʻule ʻole i nā mea o waho, hiki ʻole ke kāohi ʻia (e laʻa, laki)
Ua wehewehe ʻo Diane Bryant, ka mea nāna e noiʻi i nā hana makemakika no nā haumāna me LD, i ke kumu e hui pū ʻia ai nā haumāna me ke kino kīnā a me ka poʻe e hakakā nei me ka makemakika i ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi (manawa: 1:00).
Diane Pedrotty Bryant, PhD
Luna Hoʻokele, Mathematics Institute for Learning Disabilities and Difficulties
Kulanui o Texas ma Austin
Moʻolelo: Diane Pedrotty Bryant, PhD
ʻO nā haumāna e hakakā nei me ka makemakika a me ka poʻe i ʻike ʻia he mau hemahema ke aʻo ʻana i ka makemakika ke ʻano like. No ka laʻana, pilikia paha nā hui ʻelua o ka mea i kapa ʻia helu-manaʻo, hoʻomaopopo wale i nā helu a me ke ʻano o nā helu a me ka helu ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono pilikia kekahi wahi ʻē aʻe. No laila, ke manaʻo nei au ʻo kēia kekahi kumu i hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia kēia mau pūʻulu ʻelua i nā haʻawina. ʻO ke kumu ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka nui o ka laʻana i hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i nā hopena lapaʻau o nā hana i lilo i mau hana ma muli o nā hōʻike. No laila, he mea maʻamau ka ʻike ʻana i nā haumāna me nā pilikia makemakika a me nā haumāna me nā hemahema aʻo makemakika i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka laʻana.
Haʻawina Pelekania
He paʻakikī hoʻi nā EL me ka makemakika, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka hopena o kā lākou hakakā ʻana ma muli o nā pilikia linguistic. He mea nui i nā kumu ke hoʻomaopopo he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka makemakika ma mua o nā helu; loaʻa i ka nui o nā huaʻōlelo kikoʻī kikoʻī. Ke kūkākūkā nā kumu i nā kaʻina hana makemakika a me nā manaʻo, hoʻohana maʻamau lākou ʻōlelo hoʻonaʻauao, i haku ʻia me nā huaʻōlelo kikoʻī kikoʻī—no ka laʻana, nā huaʻōlelo like Ka nui, ke kuhi, a ka huina—huaʻōlelo me nā manaʻo he nui—no ka laʻana, papaʻaina—a me nā ʻano ʻōlelo paʻakikī. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, nui nā ELL e hakakā nei e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia huaʻōlelo makemakika.
ʻōlelo hoʻonaʻauao
Glossary
He aha nā mea e hiki ai i nā kumu ke hana?
No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana makemakika haumāna, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kula a me nā apana i hoʻokō i ke aʻo matematika kiʻekiʻe. Aia kēia ʻōlelo aʻo i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mea ʻelua:
- He haʻawina maʻamau — ʻO nā manaʻo a me nā mākau i manaʻo ʻia he mea nui i nā haumāna ke aʻo
- Nā hana ma muli o nā hōʻike (EBP) — Nā hoʻolālā a i ʻole nā hana i hōʻoia ʻia ma o ka noiʻi ʻana i kūpono no ke aʻo ʻana i nā manaʻo makemakika a me nā kaʻina hana
Nā Hōʻike Huli
- Ke hāʻawi lākou i ke aʻo makemakika maikaʻi, hiki i nā kumu ke hoʻemi i ka ʻokoʻa hana ma waena o nā haumāna i pilikia i ka paʻakikī makemakika a me kā lākou awelika a me nā hoa hana kiʻekiʻe.
(Clarke, Smollkowski, Baker, Fien, Doabler, & Chard, 2011) - Hiki i nā haumāna me ke kino kīnā i loaʻa i ka hana makemakika maikaʻi ke hoʻomohala i nā mākau koʻikoʻi e like me ka hoʻoholo pilikia a me ka noʻonoʻo abstract, pono e hoʻokō i ka mākaukau makemakika.
(Gersten, Chard, Jayanthi, Baker, Morphy, & Flojo, 2008; Allsopp, Lovin, & van Ingen, 2017)
Activity
Ma waena o nā kumu e hoʻoikaika ai i ke aʻo ʻana i ka makemakika maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia ka manaʻo kumu a me nā haumāna a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka makemakika ponoʻī.
- Kaomi ma aneʻi e ʻike i kou mau ʻano a me kou mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka makemakika a e noʻonoʻo ai i ke ʻano o ka hopena o kāu aʻo ʻana.
Manaʻo a me nā manaʻoʻiʻo e pili ana i ka makemakika
He ʻoiaʻiʻo a he hewa paha nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka hiki ke makemakika? E heluhelu i kēlā me kēia a kaomi iā "ʻOiaʻiʻo" a i ʻole "False" e ʻike i ka pane.
Hānau ʻia kekahi mau haumāna me ka hiki ke hana makemakika, ʻaʻole naʻe kekahi.manaʻoUa wehewehe ʻia ka mana makemakika kiʻekiʻe e like me ka hiki ke hana i nā helu me ka pololei.manaʻoPono ka makemakika i ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo.manaʻoHe mea nui ka mākau heluhelu no ka holomua ma ka makemakika.manaʻoʻO ka pahuhopu nui ma ka makemakika ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pane pololei.manaʻoMa waho aʻe o ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻike makemakika, pono nā haumāna e hoʻomaopopo i nā manaʻo kumu o ke akamai a lākou e aʻo nei.manaʻoʻAʻole pono e loaʻa i nā kumu makemakika ka ʻike o ka makemakika a lākou e aʻo nei akā hiki nō iā lākou ke hoʻohana i nā hana aʻo kūpono.manaʻoʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kāne ma ka makemakika.manaʻo(Paʻa i kēia papa)
- Inā hoʻopau ʻoe i kēia haʻawina ma ka papa, me kahi hui liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole me kahi hoa pili, e kūkākūkā pehea e hoʻoikaika ai kou ʻano a me kou manaʻoʻiʻo e pili ana i ka makemakika i kāu mau hana aʻo. A laila, e noʻonoʻo i nā manaʻo no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kāu aʻo makemakika.
