Unoyera sei kuita kwemucheche, mwana, kana mudzidzi?
Peji 2: Kuziva Progress Monitoring Measure
Imwe yenzira dzakanakisa dzekuyera kuvandudzwa kwemunhu ndeye kuburikidza kufambira mberi kuongorora, kunyanya general result zviyero (GOMs). MaGOM imhando yekuongorora kwemaitiro kunoitwa nguva nenguva kuongorora mashandiro emwana mudiki kana mudzidzi mukati mecurriculum yegore rose. Muedzo mumwe nomumwe, kana kuti kuongorora, unoongorora unyanzvi hunodzidziswa kubva pakutanga kwegore kusvika kune hunodzidziswa pakupera kwegore. GOMs ndezvi:
kufambira mberi kuongorora
Chimiro chekuongorora umo kudzidza kwemudzidzi kunoongororwa nguva nenguva kuitira kupa mhinduro inobatsira nezvekuita kune vese vadzidzi nevarairidzi.
- Nyore kushandisa
- Kurumidza kutonga
- Cost-inoshanda
- Inogona kupihwa kazhinji (semuenzaniso, kamwe chete pasvondo)
- Sensitive kuchinja mukuita kwemwana kana mudzidzi
- Inoshandiswa kuongorora kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwemuviri, hwekuziva, hwedzidzo, hwemagariro-emanzwiro, kana maitiro kana madomasi.
Teerera apo Tom Kratochwill anodoma zvikonzero zviviri nei kuongorora kufambira mberi kwakakosha. (nguva: 0:54).
Tom Kratochwill, PhD
Purofesa, Dzidzo Psychology
Co-PI, Project PRIME, Yunivhesiti yeWisconsin-Madison
Chinyorwa: Tom Kratochwill, PhD
Kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa kwakakosha nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Imwe ndeyekuti zvakakosha kuti uzive kana mudzidzi wako ari kufambira mberi munzvimbo inotarirwa yekuitira hanya. Saka munzvimbo yedzidzo yedzidzo, semuenzaniso uchishandisa nzira yekuongorora yakavakirwa pakharikhulamu, unoda kuziva kuti vari kusangana here nemabhenji ekufambira mberi, kana kufambira mberi kwavo kunoenderana nechinangwa chawakavagadzirira. Chikonzero chechipiri chekukosha kwekufambira mberi kwekutarisa matanho uye kuashandisa mukudzidzira kufunga kuti kana mudzidzi asiri kufambira mberi iwe ungangoda kushandura kupindira kana nzira yekuraira yauri kushandisa.
Danho rekutanga mukutarisisa kufambira mberi nderokuona GOM inoongorora hunyanzvi hwakanangwa neEBP. Mhando yekuyera kufambira mberi kwauchashandisa inoenderana nezera revana vako kana vadzidzi. Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe masosi anopa shanduro dzisiri dzechiRungu dzezviyero zvevadzidzi vane mitauro yakasiyana-siyana uye neshanduro huru dzeavo vane hurema hwekuona.
Mucheche uye Mucheche Progress Monitoring Matanho
Kune vacheche nevadiki, mazera 0-3 (kazhinji 6-36 mwedzi), mhedzisiro zviyero zvinonangana nehunyanzvi hwekusimudzira. Kune iri boka rezera, matanho ekutarisa mafambiro ari kutanga kubuda. Imwe seti yematanho anowanikwa ekutarisa kukura kwevacheche uye mudiki uye kufambira mberi ndeyeIndividual Kukura uye Development Indicators (IGDIs). Kuitisa IGDI, anocherekedza anorekodha mhinduro dzemwana panguva yemaminitsi matanhatu semi-yakarongeka mutambo wekutamba nemunhu mukuru anoziva. IGDI matanho anowanikwa kune anotevera nzvimbo dzebudiriro:
Muenzaniso Mucheche uye Mucheche GOM Zviwanikwa
- Kukurukurirana (Mutauro)
- Kugadzirisa Dambudziko (Cognition)
- Movement (Motor)
- Zvemagariro (Social-Emotional)
muenzaniso: Kuti vaongorore unyanzvi hwokukurukura hwomucheche kana kuti mucheche, munhu mukuru anoziva anotamba nemwana nechimwe chematoyi maviri, dura rematoyi kana kuti imba yokutambisa. Mukuru anorega mwana achitungamirira mutambo wacho. Nhamba yekutaura kunoitwa nemwana inonyorwa.
Teerera sezvo Jay Buzhardt anotsanangura iyo IGDIs zvakadzama (nguva: 1:45).
Jay Buzhardt, PhD
Mubatanidzwa Wekutsvagisa Purofesa, Dzidzo Yakakosha Yevana Vekutanga
Yunivhesiti yeKansas
Chinyorwa: Jay Buzhardt, PhD
Nevacheche nevana vadiki, iwe unoda kuva navo mune yechokwadi mamiriro ekuratidza hunyanzvi hunogona kunge husingakwanise kutorwa mune yakamisikidzwa manejimendi. Saka pane iyo chiyero pakati pekuwana ongororo yechokwadi uye kuita yakamisikidzwa manejimendi. Nevacheche uye vadiki IGDIs, chishandiso chekutarisa, uye kune mana akasiyana madomasi: Pane kutaurirana, kugadzirisa matambudziko, hunyanzvi hwemotokari, uye hunyanzvi hwemagariro. Kune imwe neimwe yeiyo, pane seti yezvibodzwa tsananguro iyo anocherekedza anozoverenga. Chaizvoizvo, zvingani zviitiko zvekutaurirana izvo mwana anoratidza panguva yemaminetsi matanhatu semi-yakarongeka chiitiko. Tine matoyi eimwe neimwe yeaya ongororo ina yatinokurudzira kuti vanhu vashandise. Une munhu mukuru wekutamba naye nemwana, uye kwemaminitsi matanhatu ivo vanotamba pamwe chete. Saka pane kugara mwana pamberi pako nekupa zvinhu, kana kuvakumbira kuti vaite zvinhu chaizvo kuratidza hunyanzvi hwavo, ndezvechokwadi nezvenzvimbo yekutamba yechokwadi. Semuyenzaniso neECI, Early Communication Indicator apo tiri kuyera kukura uye pre-mitauro uye mitauro kutaurirana, tiri kungotarisa kuona kuti vangani vanotaurirana uye kushandisa mutauro nemutambi mukuru iyeye panguva yemaminitsi matanhatu ekuongorora kana kutamba mamiriro ezvinhu.
Matanho Ekuongorora Kufambira Mberi Kweuduku
Kuvana vekireshi vane makore 3-5 (mwedzi 30-66), zviyero zvemhedzisiro zvinonangana nekusimudzira, kushanda, uye hunyanzvi hwekutanga hwedzidzo. Matanho ekutarisisa kufambira mberi kweboka rezera iri anowanikwa mune zvekutengesa (semuenzaniso, myIGDIs, PELI) asi achiri kuongororwa nekuwedzerwa. Panguva ino, matanho anowanikwa kune dzinotevera nzvimbo:
Sample Early Childhood GOM Zviwanikwa
- Kuverenga Nekunyora Kwepakutanga
- Mutauro Wekutaura
- Vocabulary
- Kuziva Manzwi
- Ruzivo rweAlfabheti
- Kunzwisisa
- Early Numeracy
- Kuverenga Nemuromo
- Number Naming
- Quantity Kuenzanisa
- Kuverenga Kwetsamba Yemumwe-kune-Mumwe
- kunyora
- Social-Emotional unyanzvi
muenzaniso: Kuongorora hunyanzvi hwemazwi emucheche achiri kuenda kuchikoro vachishandisa myIGDIs, munhu mukuru anopa nhevedzano yemifananidzo yezvinhu zvinowanzoitika (semubhanana, imbwa) kweminiti imwe. Nhamba yezvinhu zvine mazita nemazvo inonyorwa.
Teerera apo Scott McConnell anokurukura kutarisisa kufambira mberi kwevana vechikoro mune zvakadzama (nguva: 2:35).
Scott McConnell, PhD
Purofesa, Dzidzo Psychology
University of Minnesota
Chinyorwa: Scott McConnell, PhD
Kufambira mberi kwekutarisa matanho evana vekireshi vane makore matatu kusvika mashanu inzvimbo yakanaka inoshingaira yekutsvagisa nekuvandudza kudzidzira izvozvi. Saka izvo zvinoreva kuti kune mamwe mazano, asi panogona kunge paine mamwe mazano uye mamwe matanho mumakore anotevera. Pfungwa yekuongorora mafambiro muchikoro nderekuti tinoda kuyera kuwaniswa kwevana hunyanzvi hwese, semutauro kana kuverenga, uye tinozviita nekushandisa zviyero zvakafanana zvatinoramba tichishandisa. Uye isu tinotarisa kukura pakuita kwemwana pane dzimwe nguva dzakasiyana dzatakadziyera. Uye nekuti takazviita nevana vakawanda, tine tarisiro kana tsika dzekuti mwana anofanira kukura nekukurumidza sei nekufamba kwenguva uye kuti ndeapi danho rekuita ravanofanira kuratidzira pane imwe nguva nenguva. Tinokwanisa kushandisa idzo kuongorora maitiro evana uye kuona vana vari kuita zvinotarisirwa uye vanoita sevari munzira yekuwana izvi zvinangwa zvenguva refu zvatinazvo kwavari, kana vana vasati vava munzira iyoyo uye vangangoda rumwe rubatsiro. Ndivo vana ivavo vanoda rumwe rubatsiro rwatinowanzo shandisa matanho mamwechete nenzira yekuongorora kufambira mberi.
Kazhinji, kuongorora kufambira mberi kunoreva kuti tiri kushandisa zviyero zvakafanana zvemhedzisiro kana zviyero zvakajairika zvemaitiro emwana, asi isu tiri kuzviita kazhinji-saka masvondo mashoma ega ega, mwedzi woga woga-uye toshandisa mashandiro emwana seurefu nehuremu chati kuongorora kana kupindira kwedu kuri kusimudzira budiriro yavo, kukurumidza kukura kwavo kune izvo zvibodzwa zvenguva refu, kana zvisati zvave kukurumidza kushandura zvinangwa uye kupindira kwavo kune izvo zvatinoda. Pfungwa yakajairika mukutarisisa kufambira mberi ndeyekuti iwe unoda kuyera kakawanda zvekuti uri kuona shanduko diki mukuita kwemwana kuitira kuti ugone kugadzirisa kupindira. Saka iwe unoda kukwanisa kuongorora kakawanda kupfuura iwe unogona kuchinja kupindira. Saka kana iwe uchikwanisa kushandura kupindira kamwe chete pamwedzi, iwe ungada kukwanisa kuongorora kakati wandei mukati memwedzi iwoyo kuti uone kana iyo gadziriso ichidiwa kana kwete. Iwo ma IGDI epachikoro akagadzirirwa vadzidzisi vekirasi uye vabatsiri vadzidzisi uye rudzi rwemunhu chero upi zvake anopedza nguva nevana vadiki kuti vakwanise kutungamira. Dzinopihwa mumwe nemumwe. Zvinoitwa nenzira yakamisikidzwa, saka tinoda kuti chiitiko chega chega chekuongorora chifanane nerekupedzisira. Asi zviri nyore kuita. Kana uine ruzivo rwekushanda nevana, unogona kuzviita. Pamatanho ekuchikoro, iwe unofanirwa kubvunza mwana mubvunzo, uye chinhu senge mwana anotarisa mufananidzo weorenji iwe woti, "Chii ichi?" Uye kana vakati, "Orenji," unozviverenga sechokwadi, uye kana vakataura chimwe chinhu kunze kwe "Orange" unoverenga izvo zvisina kururama. Saka zviri nyore nyore.
Kâ12 Matanho Ekutarisa Kufambira mberi
Mudzidzo yeK-12, maGOM anowanzo kunzi curriculum-based measurements (CBM). Kushandiswa kwematanho akavakirwa pakharikhulamu itsika-yakavakirwa paumbowo kuvadzidzi vari mugiredhi Kâ12. Aya matanho uye maitiro akaiswa zvakanaka kune anotevera madomasi:
K-12 CBM Zviwanikwa
- Mat
- kuverenga
- Vocabulary
- kunyora
- Maitiro
Dzvanya apa kuti uongorore sampuli yekuongorora kufambira mberi.
Teerera saPam Stecker naLynn Fuchs vanokurukura matanho ekutarisa kufambira mberi, kunyanya kuyerwa-kwakavakirwa padzidzo.
Lynn Fuchs, PhD
Nicholas Hobbs Sachigaro weSpecial
Dzidzo uye Kuvandudza Kwevanhu
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
(nguva: 1:57)
Chinyorwa: Pam Stecker, PhD
Kunyangwe kutarisisa kufambira mberi kuri muitiro wakakodzera mukubatsira vadzidzisi kuyera kuti vadzidzi vavo vari kudzidza zvakadii, kuyerwa kwakavakirwa pakharikhulamu (kana CBM) inozivikanwa seimwe mhando yekuongorora kufambira mberi kunotsigirwa netsvagiridzo. NeCBM, imwe seti yematanho anoshandiswa kugadzira, kutungamira, uye kugovera kufambira mberi-kutarisa maturusi, uye vadzidzisi vanoshandisa mitemo yesarudzo yakavakirwa padata kana vachitarisa zvibodzwa zvemudzidzi. Mushure mekutanga kuona kuti maturusi eCBM akavimbika uye anoshanda uye kuti aifarira shanduko mukuita kwevadzidzi mudzidzo, nhevedzano yeongororo-yekusiyanisa zvidzidzo yakaitwa kuona kana vadzidzisi vakashandisa CBM vakaunza kukura kukuru pakati pevadzidzi vavo kupfuura vadzidzisi vasina kushandisa CBM. Humbowo hwakaratidza kuti vadzidzisi vakashandisa CBM â kureva kuti, havana kungounganidza dhata asi vakashandisa iyo data yekuona nguva yekuita gadziridzo yedzidziso muzvirongwa zvevadzidzi vavo â vakaita, zvechokwadi, kukura kwakakura kwazvo pakati pevadzidzi vavo kupfuura vadzidzisi vakashandisa nzira dzavo dzekutarisa kufambira mberi. Zvidzidzo izvi zvaisanganisira vadzidzi vemuzvikoro zvepuraimari nepakati vaive nekudzidza zvakapfava kusvika pakati nepakati uye hurema hwepfungwa/hunhu uye vakatarisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzedzidzo, dzakadai semasvomhu nekuverenga.
Nekuda kwekuti maturusi eCBM ari kukurumidza kubata uye ari nyore kuwana zvibodzwa, vadzidzisi vanofanirwa kukwanisa kuapa nguva nenguva (semuenzaniso, svondo rega rega) uye vanogona kuronga kuti vadzidzi vavo vari kufambira mberi sei mukharikhulamu. Vadzidzisi vanokwanisa kuona kuti vadzidzi vari kufambira mberi sei kusvika pachinangwa chekupera kwegore. Kunyanya, vadzidzisi vanoshandisa data rine graphed kuti vaone kana kuraira kwavo kuchiita kunge kuri kushanda sezvavanoda kana kusashanda. Kune vadzidzi vazhinji vakaremara, vadzidzisi nguva nenguva vanozoda kushandura kana kusimbisa rairo yavo kuti vaunze kukura kuri nani kwemunhu. Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa CBM graphed data kuti vasarudze zvine hungwaru kana shanduko idzi dzekuraira dzichishanda uye kuona kuti ndeipi gadziriso yekuraira inoratidzika kunge iri kushanda zvakanyanya. Nekuti isu tinoziva kuti vadzidzisi vanogona kuunza kubudirira kwevadzidzi kuri nani pavanoshandisa CBM kuzivisa kuita kwavo sarudzo yekuraira, CBM inonakidzwa nezvakawanda uye inoramba iri yakakosha-yakavakirwa paumboo maitiro ekuongorora. Nhamba dzinoverengeka dzepamhepo vhezheni dzeCBM dziripo dzinogonesa vadzidzisi kutungamira uye kunwisa matanho nemazvo. Zvizhinji zvezvirongwa izvi zvinogadzirisawo data remudzidzi nekuchengetedza uye kuratidza zvibodzwa zvevadzidzi uye magirafu otomatiki. Mamwe masisitimu anotoratidza magirafu ekirasi kuvadzidzisi vanoongorora mapoka makuru evadzidzi.
Chinyorwa: Lynn Fuchs, PhD
Zvinenge nguva dzose kuti kuongorora kufambira mberi kunoongorora kosi yegore rose, kwete hunyanzvi humwe chete, kunopa vadzidzisi ruzivo rwakawanda runobatsira pakuronga chirongwa asiwo kumiririra mhinduro yese yemudzidzi kukharikhulamu. Tichienzanisira kosi yegore negore nenzira imwe cheteyo nokufamba kwenguva, tinogona kuenzanisa kuita kwomudzidzi muna Gumiguru nokuita kwomudzidzi mwedzi mumwe gare gare uye mwedzi pashure paikoko zvichingodaro, izvo zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa davidzo yavo kupurogiramu yose, kwete bedzi unyanzvi hwakati mupurogiramu. Kana isu tine hunyanzvi humwechete hunoshandiswa kuongorora kufambira mberi, hazvishamisi kuti vadzidzisi vagadzirise pahunyanzvi uhu hwekudzidzisa. Mudzidzi anovandudza unyanzvi ihwohwo, uye chikoro chinoshandisa izvozvo sehumbowo hwekuti mudzidzi apindura uye haasisina dambudziko, asi unyanzvi humwe chete. Unyanzvi hwakawanda hunomiririra curriculum yegore iyo inoshanda nemazvo kupa ruzivo rwakakwana rwekutarisa kufambira mberi. Ini ndinofunga zvakakosha kana iwe uchifambira mberi kutarisa kuti umiririre yakazara curriculum, uye nenzira iyoyo tinogona kuona vadzidzi vari kunetseka mune zvimwe zvikamu asi kwete zvimwe. Uye nenzira iyoyo tinogona kugadzirira kuraira kumhando dzematambudziko ari kunyanya kusangana nevadzidzi. Uye kana tisina curriculum yose inomiririrwa tinopinda mumatambudziko patinowana tarisiro yenhema pamusoro pekuita kwemudzidzi, asi isu hatina ruzivo rwese rwecurriculum yeruzivo rwekuti tinzwisise panogona kunge paine matambudziko akakomba.
