Yintoni ekufuneka bayazi abafundisi malunga nee-EBPs kubantwana abanoluphazamiseko?

Iphepha 3: Izicwangciso eziliqili

Iindlela ezininzi ezifunyenwe zisebenza ekufundiseni abantwana abane-ASD ukuziphatha kunye nezakhono ezifanelekileyo okanye ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga zisekelwe kuhlalutyo lokuziphatha olusetyenzisiweyo (ABA). I-ABA yikhosi yezemfundo enomdla wokusebenzisa imigaqo yokuziphatha ekuphuculeni iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kuluntu. Xa usebenza nabafundi abane-ASD, oku kuquka ukusebenzisa ngokucwangcisiweyo ukungenelela ukufundisa ukuziphatha okufanelekileyo okanye ukunciphisa ukuziphatha okunzima, kunye nokuqokelela idatha ukuvavanya isiphumo sokungenelela. Ithiyori engasemva kwale ndlela kukuba, ukuba umfundi uqiniswa emva kokwenza ukuziphatha, umfundi uya kuqhubeka nokubonisa loo ndlela yokuziphatha, kodwa ukuba ukuziphatha akubangeli ukuqina, umfundi uya kuncipha okanye ayeke ukuzibandakanya.

Imiboniso yoPhando

Kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo, uphando lubonise ukuba ungenelelo olusekwe kwi-ABA luyasebenza ekwandiseni isimilo esinqwenelekayo kunye nezakhono kunye nokuncipha kokuziphatha okungafunekiyo kwabantwana abanoluphazamiseko.
(Igqabi, Igqabi, uMcEachin, Taubman, Ala'i-Rosales, Ross, Smith, & Weiss, 2015; Hagopian, Hardesty, & Gregory, nd)

U-Ilene Schwartz uxoxa ngokuba kutheni i-ABA yolona nyango lusebenzayo kubantwana abane-autism kwaye inika imizekelo yendlela enokusetyenziswa ngayo ukunyusa ukuziphatha okulungileyo (ixesha: 2:22).

Ilene Schwartz, PhD
UNjingalwazi Emeritus, iMfundo eYodwa
UMlawuli, iZiko leHaring loPhando
kunye noQeqesho kwiMfundo eBandakanyayo
Yunivesithi yaseWashington

yombhalo

Okubhaliweyo: Ilene Schwartz, PhD

Uhlalutyo olusetyenziswayo lokuziphatha, oludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-ABA, yeyona ndlela isekelwe kubungqina bokusebenza nabantwana abane-autism, kwaye siyakwazi oku ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 xa abantu baqala ukusebenza nabantwana abanoluphazamiseko. I-ABA kukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha ukujongana nokuziphatha okubalulekileyo ekuhlaleni. Imigaqo yokuziphatha esithetha ngayo ikakhulu kukuqinisa nokohlwaya. Thina kuqala, nangona kunjalo, sisebenzisa ukomeleza. Ukomeleza kukusetyenziswa okungalindelekanga kwesivuseleli emva kokuziphatha okujoliswe kuko okwandisa amathuba okuba kwenzeke kwakhona.

Makhe ndikunike umzekelo. Xa unomntwana omncinci kwaye ephakamisa iingalo zakhe kubazali bakhe, ngokusisiseko bacela ukuba baphakanyiswe. Xa abazali bezichola ngoko oko kwandisa amathuba okuba, kwixesha elizayo xa befuna ukulandwa, baya kuphakamisa iingalo zabo xa bebona abazali babo. Lo ngumzekelo ngomntwana okhulayo.

Makhe ndikunike umzekelo ngomntwana onoluphazamiseko. Umntwana onoluphazamiseko ubona eyona nto yokudlala ayithandayo, ilori eblowu ekwishelufu, kwaye akakwazi ukufikelela kuloo nto yokudlala. Ekuqaleni, basenokukhathazeka baze baqalise ukungqisha ngeenyawo okanye bakhale kuba bengakwazi ukufikelela kwilori. Yintoni anokuyenza utitshala xa ebona oko kukubonisa umntwana ikhadi elinomfanekiso welori aze ancede umntwana anike elo khadi kumntu omdala. Kwaye utitshala wathi, "Owu, uyafuna imoto?" anike umntwana imoto.

Ngexesha elizayo xa umntwana ebona imoto, kwakhona kwindawo ekungafikelelekiyo kuyo, kunye nekhadi elinomfanekiso kuyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba banike utitshala elo khadi. Kwaye ngolo hlobo lokufundisa kunye nokusetyenziswa ukomeleza okulungileyo, sifundisa abantwana uluhlu olukhulu lwezakhono kunye nokuziphatha. Kwaye sesinye sezizathu ezenza uhlalutyo lokuziphatha lolona nyango lusebenzayo kubantwana abanoluphazamiseko.

Uninzi lwee-EBP ezingama-27 ezichongiweyo kubafundi abane-ASD zisekelwe kwi-ABA. Ezi ndlela zokungenelela zijolise ngqo —oko kukuthi, zijolise kwizakhono ezahlukeneyo okanye ukuziphatha kwaye zisetyenziswa ixesha elifutshane de kufikelelwe usukelo. Ezintlanu kwezi ndlela zokungenelela—ukuqinisa, ukukhuthaza, ukulibaziseka kwexesha, ukumodela, kunye nohlalutyo lomsebenzi—zibonisa izakhiwo ze-ABA kwaye, ke ngoko, ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba ziindlela ezisisiseko . Ngasinye kwezi ndlela zobuchule sichazwe kwiitheyibhile ezingezantsi, kwaye ngasinye sihamba nomzekelo wendlela eziza kusetyenziswa ngayo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezi ndlela zisisiseko zinokusetyenziselwa ukujolisa kwizakhono ezahlukeneyo okanye ukuziphatha okanye zinokufakwa njengenxalenye yongenelelo olukhulu (oko kukuthi, ezo ziqulathe izinto ezininzi). Amaphepha alandelayo ahlola iindlela zobuchule ezininzi ezifaka ezi ndlela.

Ukuqiniswa

inkcazelo

Ukuqinisa okuhle kubandakanya ukubonelela ngesiphumo esifunekayo (umz., into ebonakalayo, ukufikelela kumsebenzi othile, okanye umvuzo/indumiso yentlalo) emva kokuba umfundi ebandakanyeke kwindlela aziphatha ngayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukwanda kwendlela yokuziphatha kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuqinisa okungalunganga kubandakanya ukususa into okanye imeko engafunekiyo (umz. ingxolo ephazamisayo okanye umsebenzi ongathandwa) xa umfundi ethe waziphatha ngendlela ayifunayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kwenzeke ngakumbi ukuziphatha okunjalo kwixesha elizayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba izinto zokuqinisa ziyahluka ukusuka kumntwana ukuya emntwaneni (oko kukuthi, into eqinisa umntwana omnye isenokungabi yeyomnye) kwaye itshintshe ngokuhamba kwexesha (oko kukuthi, umxhasi unokungaphumeleli). Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuvavanya ukhetho lomntwana-umzekelo, ngokuthetha nomntwana okanye nge-reinforcer survey-xa ukhetha izinto zokuqinisa.

Injongo: Ukufundisa izakhono ezitsha okanye ukwandisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezifanelekileyo okanye ezinqwenelekayo

Umzekelo: Khumbula ukuba uDavid utyekele ekukuphepheni ukutya okuneempawu ezingathandiyo. Umfundisi-ntsapho nabazali bakhe bagqiba kwelokuba ukudunyiswa kwakhe kuyamqinisa uDavide. Ngalo lonke ixesha uDavid ezama ukutya okutsha okanye ebeye wakuphepha, utitshala okanye abazali bakhe bayamncoma (umz., “David, ndiyazingca ngawe. Ungcamle iqhekezana.”).

Umzekelo wevidiyo: U-Emma unobunzima bokugqiba umsebenzi wakhe wesifundo sezibalo. Ukuze andise ukugqiba kwakhe umsebenzi wesifundo, utitshala ka-Emma ugqiba ekubeni asebenzise uqinisekiso olubi. Kwividiyo engezantsi, utitshala ususa okwethutyana umsebenzi ophazamisayo (oko kukuthi, ukugqiba iingxaki zezibalo) ngokuvumela u-Emma ukuba athathe ikhefu elifutshane. Emva kwekhefu, uza kugqiba ezinye iingxaki ezintlanu zezibalo, etshintshana phakathi komsebenzi wesifundo kunye nekhefu de agqibe umsebenzi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, utitshala uya kumfuna kancinci kancinci ukuba agqibe ezinye iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba afumane ikhefu. Injongo kukuba u-Emma agqibe umsebenzi wesifundo ngaphandle kwekhefu (ixesha: 0:38).

yombhalo

Utitshala: Kulungile Emma, kufuneka uqale ukulungisa iingxaki zakho zezibalo.
UEmma: Andifuni ukuyenza.
Utitshala: Kulungile Emma, yenza nje iingxaki ezintlanu. Emva koko unokuthatha ikhefu.
UEmma: Fiiiiine.
[U-Emma ulungisa iingxaki kwiphepha lakhe lomsebenzi.]
UEmma: Konke kwenzekile.
Utitshala: Kakhulu! Funda incwadi imizuzu emihlanu uze wenze ezinye iingxaki zezibalo ezintlanu.

Uyakhawuleza

Inkcazo: Ukusebenzisa isilumkiso ukunceda umfundi xa efunda isakhono okanye indlela entsha yokuziphatha ukunceda ukuphucula amathuba akhe okuphumelela. Iintlobo ezintlanu zesilumkiso zezi:

Intshukumo-Ibandakanya ukwalatha okanye ukubamba into
I-Verbal cue-Ibandakanya iingcebiso zomlomo kunye nezalathiso
Umbono obonakalayo-Ubandakanya imifanekiso, iifoto kunye nezinto
Ukumodela—Kuquka ukubonisa okanye ukubonisa umntwana indlela yokwenza isakhono
Okwasemzimbeni—Kuquka ukwalathisa okanye ukumbamba umntwana ukuze amncede enze into ethile okanye isakhono (Qaphela ukuba oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ekufundiseni izakhono zemoto)

Injongo: Ukunciphisa iimpendulo ezingalunganga xa umfundi efunda izakhono ezitsha, ngaloo ndlela ekhuthaza impumelelo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhungatheka

Tips

Qala ngokungxamisekileyo ehlangabezana neemfuno zomfundi ngamnye kodwa efuna uncedo oluncinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ootitshala akufuneki baqale ngokukhuthazwa ngokomzimba, okunika olona ncedo.
Ngokuthe ngcembe iyancipha imiyalelo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Ngalo lonke ixesha sebenzisa ukomeleza okulungileyo emva kokuba umntwana ethobela. Ukwenjenjalo kuya kwandisa amathuba okuba umfundi asebenzise ubuchule okanye abandakanyeke kwindlela yokuziphatha kwixesha elizayo.

Umzekelo: Xa edlala ngeemoto, uDrew uzidwelisa emgceni endaweni yokuba adlale nazo ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Utitshala wakhe usebenzisa isantya esibonakalayo ukubonisa indlela yokutyhala iimoto emgangathweni. Ubeka isandla sakhe phezu kwekaDrew, baze batyhale imoto kunye. Emva koko utitshala uncoma uDrew ngamazwi.

Umzekelo wevidiyo: Bukela njengoko utitshala ekhuthaza u-Emory, oneminyaka emithandathu ubudala, ukuba apele igama elithi “inja” esebenzisa iphazili yamagama. Kwakhona, qaphela ukuba utitshala unika izixhasi zomlomo kulo lonke umsebenzi kunye nesixhasi esibonakalayo ekupheleni komsebenzi (ixesha: 0:32).

yombhalo

Utitshala: Kulungile, Emory, ngowantoni lo mfanekiso?
Emory: Inja.
Utitshala: Kulungile! Ngaba uyakwazi ukupela igama elithi "inja"? Ungabeka u-"d" kuqala? Kulungile. Ungamfaka unobumba olandelayo, unobumba “o”? Umsebenzi omhle, kwaye ungabeka unobumba wokugqibela "g"? Kulungile. Sipela ntoni?
Emory: “Inja.”
Utitshala: “Inja.” Umsebenzi omhle! Nasi isincamathelisi. Ngaba uza kuyibeka kwihempe yakho?

Ukulibaziseka kwexesha

Inkcazo: Indlela yokubonelela ngokucwangcisiweyo kunye nokunciphisa izikhokelo. Xa efundisa indlela entsha yokuziphatha okanye isakhono, utitshala uyamkhuthaza umntwana aze ngoko nangoko anike impendulo echanekileyo (umz., “Yintoni le? Yindlela ende.”). Emva koko utitshala uyandisa ixesha phakathi kwempendulo kunye nempendulo yomfundi esebenzisa enye yeendlela ezingezantsi.

Ukulibaziseka kwexesha rhoqo —Emva kokuba umfundi eceliwe ukuba enze umsebenzi aze angawuthobeli, umfundi ucelwa ngexesha elithile (ngesiqhelo imizuzwana emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5).

Ukulibaziseka kwexesha okuqhubekayo —Ekuqaleni, umfundi ucelwa xa i-cue iboniswa (ukulibaziseka kwe-0-second); emva koko ixesha eliphakathi kwe-cue kunye ne-prompt liyandiswa (umz., ukuqala ngokulibaziseka kwe-1-second uze unyuke uye kwi-2-second delay, njalo njalo).

Umntwana uhlala eqiniswa ngokunika impendulo echanekileyo.

Injongo: Ukuthintela ukuxhomekeka kwiingcebiso

Umzekelo: Xa ecelwa ukuba aqengqe imoto emgangathweni, uDrew uyaqhubeka nokufola iimoto endaweni yokuba azityhale ngaphandle kokuba ufumana uncedo lomzimba. Utitshala wakhe usebenzisa ukulibaziseka kwexesha eliqhubekayo ukuphelisa le nkxaso, eqala ngokulibaziseka kwe-0-yesibini, apho athi "Rola imoto," kwaye abeke isandla sakhe phezu kwesandla sakhe aze atyhale imoto. Utitshala uyakhula ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya kwi-1-second ukulibaziseka, apho anikezela ngokukhawuleza, "Roll the car," kwaye ulinde umzuzwana omnye. Ukuba uDrew uphendula ngesekhondi enye, utitshala ubonelela ngomxhasi. Ukuba uDrew akaphenduli, utitshala ubeka isandla sakhe phezu kwesakhe aze atyhale imoto. Emva kokuba u-Drew ekwazi ukuphendula ngokuchanekileyo kwithuba le-1 lexesha lokulibaziseka, utitshala uyanda ukuya kwi-2-second ulibaziseko, njalo njalo, de u-Drew akasafuni kucelwa ukuba azityhale iimoto endaweni yokuzibeka emgceni.

Umzekelo wevidiyo: Bukela utitshala esebenzisa ukulibaziseka kwexesha okuqhubekayo ukunceda u-Emory afunde amagama abonakalayo. Kwakhona, qaphela ukuba utitshala unika izixhasi zomlomo kulo lonke umsebenzi kunye nezixhasi ezibonakalayo ekupheleni komsebenzi (ixesha: 2:50).

yombhalo

Ukulibaziseka kwexesha okuqhubekayo yindlela yokubonelela ngokucwangcisiweyo emva koko kuphele amandla ukuze kufundiswe isakhono esitsha. Ekuqaleni, umfundi ucelwa xa i-cue iboniswa, Oku kwaziwa ngokuba kukulibaziseka kwe-0-second. Kamva, ixesha eliphakathi kwe-cue kunye ne-prompt liyandiswa, umzekelo ngokuqala ngokulibaziseka kwe-1-second uze unyuke uye kwi-2-second delay njalo njalo.

Ukulibaziseka kwexesha le-Zero-yesibini: Ngexesha lokulibaziseka kwe-0-yesibini, utitshala unika impendulo echanekileyo xa i-prompt inikezelwa, aze umfundi enze isakhono.

Utitshala: Kulungile, u-Emory, ngaba ulungele amazwi ethu okubona? Kulungile, "thina."
Emory: “Thina.”
Utitshala: Kulungile! “Ikati.”
Emory: “Ikati.”
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle! “Inja.”
Emory: “Inja.”
Utitshala: "Hamba."
Emory: "Hamba."
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle!
Utitshala: “Ukuba.”
Emory: “Ukuba.”
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle namhlanje kumazwi akho okubona.
Emory: "Ndi."
Utitshala: Igqibelele!

Ukulibaziseka kwexesha lesibini: Ngexesha lokulibaziseka kwe-1-yesibini, utitshala unikezela ngokukhawuleza kwaye ulinde umzuzwana omnye, ukuvumela umfundi ukuba enze isakhono. Ukuba umfundi akaphenduli, utitshala ubonisa isakhono.

Utitshala: Kulungile, u-Emory, siza kwenza amazwi ethu okubona kwakhona namhlanje, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Kulungile, yeyiphi eyokuqala?
Emory: "Ndi."
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle!
Emory: "Hayi."
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle!
Emory: “Yabona.”
Utitshala: Kakhulu. “Kancinci.”
Emory: “Kancinci.”
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle!
Emory: “Ikati.”
Utitshala: Kulungile. “Yiba.”
Emory: “Yiba.”
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle! Wenze kakuhle ngamazwi akho okubona namhlanje!

Ukulibaziseka okwesibini okwesibini: Xa umfundi eqala ukuphendula ngokuchanekileyo ngaphakathi kokulibaziseka kwe-1-yesibini, utitshala ukwandisa ukulibaziseka kwimizuzwana emibini phakathi kokubonelela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokwenza isakhono.

Utitshala: Kulungile, u-Emory, ngaba ukulungele ukwenza amazwi akho okubona namhlanje?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Kakhulu. Ungandixelela ukuba leliphi eli gama?
Emory: “Yena.”
Utitshala: Umsebenzi olungileyo.
Emory: “Kwaye.”
Utitshala: Kakhulu.
Emory: “Kuya.”
Utitshala: Igqibelele!
Emory: “Yam.”
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle!
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle! Kulungile, eli gama lithi "impuku." Ngaba unokuthi "impuku"?
Emory: “Impuku.”
Utitshala: Kulungile!
Emory: "Hamba."
Utitshala: Kakhulu.
Emory: "Ungenile."
Utitshala: Kakhulu. Eli gama lithi "intombazana." Ngaba unokuthi "ntombazana"?
Emory: “Ntombazana.”
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle. Wenze umsebenzi omhle namhlanje.

Utitshala unokuqhubeka nokwandisa ixesha phakathi kokunika i-prompt kunye nempendulo yomfundi kude kube kungabikho myalelo ufunekayo.

zomzekelo

Inkcazo: Ukubonisa indlela yokwenza isakhono okanye ukuziphatha ngokuchanekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ucele umfundi ukuba enze ukuziphatha; umboniso obonakalayo ungasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza umfundi emva kokuba ecelwe ukuba enze isakhono okanye ukuziphatha.

Injongo: Ukwandisa isakhono somfundi sokwenza ngokuchanekileyo isenzo

Tips

Imodeli iphumelele ngakumbi xa idibene nokukhuthaza kunye nokuqiniswa.
Nangona nabani na unokusebenza njengomzekelo, kucetyiswa ukuba intanga efanayo ngenkangeleko kwaye ihlonitshwe ngumfundi imodeli isakhono okanye ukuziphatha.
Imodeli inokusetyenziselwa ukubonisa indlela yokwenza isakhono okanye inokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza xa umfundi eceliwe ukuba aziphathe.

Umzekelo: UJaquese unobunzima bokunxibelelana noontanga. Utitshala wakhe ucela uRyder, intanga ehlonitshwayo enezakhono ezifanelekileyo zentlalontle, ukuba abonise indlela yokuqalisa incoko noontanga kunye nendlela yokusabela ekuqalweni kwabanye.

Umzekelo wevidiyo: Kumzekelo ongentla, ukumodela kusetyenzisiwe ukufundisa izakhono zentlalo. Nangona kunjalo, ootitshala kunye noontanga banokusebenzisa ukumodela ukubonisa izakhono ezahlukeneyo okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. Kwividiyo engezantsi, utitshala ubonisa indlela yokwakha inqaba ngepateni (ixesha: 0:55).

yombhalo

Utitshala: Kulungile, uEmory, ngaba ukulungele ukwakha inqaba?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Kulungile, namhlanje siza kwakha inqaba ngepateni, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Ndiza kukubonisa indlela yokwenza, kwaye ke ndifuna ukuba usebenzise iibhloko ezinombala ofanayo ukwakha inqaba efanayo.
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Ndizakubeka ebomvu ize ibemthubi phinde ibe blue nobomvu nebhlowu. Ngaba unokulwakha olo hlobo lwenqaba?
[UEmory wakha inqaba.]
Utitshala: Umsebenzi omhle, uEmory! Kulungile, nasi isincamathelisi.

Uhlalutyo Lomsebenzi

Inkcazo: Indlela yokwahlula izakhono okanye iindlela zokuziphatha ezinamanyathelo amaninzi zibe ziinxalenye ezincinci ezinokufundiswa nganye nganye

Ukuxhoma phambili — Inyathelo lokuqala lesakhono liyafundiswa, kwaye emva kokuba liqondwe kakuhle inyathelo lesibini liyafundiswa; le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de umfundi akwazi ukwenza ngempumelelo lonke ulandelelwano lwesakhono.

Ukubuyela umva ngentambo —Inyathelo lokugqibela lesakhono liyafundiswa, kwaye emva kokuba sele liqondwe kakuhle, inyathelo langaphambili liyafundiswa; le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de umfundi akwazi ukwenza ngempumelelo lonke ulandelelwano lwesakhono.

Injongo: Ku nceda abafundi bafunde ukwenza ngempumelelo amanyathelo amaninzi okanye izakhono ezintsonkothileyo kunye nokuziphatha

Imizekelo yevidiyo

Bukela utitshala esebenzisa i-forward chaining ukufundisa u-Emory indlela yokubopha izihlangu zakhe (ixesha: 3:27).

yombhalo

Utitshala: Kulungile Emory, ngaba ukulungele ukufunda indlela yokubopha izicathulo zakho namhlanje?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Kulungile, kuqala, sizakuthatha iileyisi zakho sizinqamleze njengo "X," kulungile? Emva koko sizakufaka le emngxunyeni siyitsale siqinise, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Emva koko ndiza kwenza umthi, kwaye imvundla yam izakujikeleza umthi iphumele emngxunyeni, kulungile? Kwaye ke ndiza kuthabatha umthi wam kunye nemvumba yam, kwaye ndiza kuzitsala ziqine, kulungile? Ungandinceda ngenyathelo lokuqala?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Kulungile. Ngaba ungazinqumla iileyisi zakho? Faka umtya wakho emngxunyeni kwaye uwutsale ngokuqinileyo. Umsebenzi omhle! Kwaye ke khumbula inyathelo elilandelayo esizakulenza kukuba, sizakwenza umthi? Imvundla yethu iza kubaleka ijikeleze umthi nakuloo mngxuma. Emva koko ndiza kuthabatha i-bunny yam kunye nomthi wam, kwaye ndiwutsale ngokuqinileyo, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Kulungile, ungandinceda kwakhona? Ngeli xesha ndiza kufuneka wenze amaqhekeza amabini, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Amanyathelo amabini. Ngoko, thatha iintambo zakho. Wenze u "X" omhle. Khumbula indlela yokuyibeka? Kulungile! Kwaye uyitsale ngokuqinileyo. Umsebenzi omhle! Ke ngoku yenza umthi, kwaye ndiza kukubonisa indlela yokujikeleza umthi wakho, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Ngaba i-bunny yakho ijikeleze umthi kunye nomngxuma, kwaye emva koko uthathe i-bunny yakho kunye nomthi wakho kwaye uyitsale ngokuqinileyo, kulungile? Kulungile, ngaba ukulungele ukwenza inyathelo elilandelayo?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Ngaba ungayenza loo nto wedwa? Kulungile. Thatha imitya yakho. Kulungile, lithini inyathelo lakho lokuqala?
Emory: Wenza "X" kwaye ungena ngaphantsi.
Utitshala: Kakhulu! Owu, kwaye uyitsale wayiqinisa. Kwaye leliphi inyathelo elilandelayo emva koko? Wenza umthi wakho, owu, kunye nemvumba yakho, kwaye ke ndiza kukutsalela ngokuqinileyo, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Titshala: Yabona ndiwathatha njani ndiwutsale uqine?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Ewe, wenza umsebenzi omkhulu! Kulungile, masibone ukuba ungazenza wedwa na onke amalungu ngeli xesha, kulungile? Uyakhumbula ukuba yintoni inxalenye yakho yokuqala? Leliphi inyathelo lokuqala? Masiziphakamise kwaye senze u-“X” kuqala. Pha! Unayo "X" yakho. Ngoku yifake emngxunyeni. Kulungile. Ngoku tsala ngokuqinileyo. Umsebenzi omhle. Yintoni elandelayo? Ndiyayithanda indlela owenze ngayo umthi. Owu, nomvundla wakho uvele wabaleka wajikeleza warhubuluza emngxunyeni. Kwaye, tsala ngokuqinileyo. Umsebenzi omhle! Oko kubonakala kukuhle.

Bukela utitshala esebenzisa i-backward chaining ukufundisa u-Emory indlela yokubopha izihlangu zakhe (ixesha: 3:38).

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Utitshala: Kulungile, u-Emory, ngaba ukulungele ukufunda indlela yokubopha izicathulo zakho namhlanje?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Kulungile, mandikubonise ukuba njani. Okokuqala, sizakwenza u-“X” omkhulu, kwaye sizakutsala le nto siyiqinise, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Emva koko siza kwenza umthi, kwaye lo ngumvundla wethu. Imvundla iza kubaleka ijikeleze umthi ize ingene kanye kuloo mngxuma, kwaye ke ndiza kuthabatha umthi kunye nemvundla ndiwutsale ngokuqinileyo, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Ungandinceda ngenyathelo lokugqibela?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Kulungile, masijonge. Ulungile? Okokuqala senza u-“X,” kulungile? Ndize ke ndingene ndiyitsale. Yitsale uyiqinise, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Emva koko wenze umthi, kwaye imvundla yam iza kubaleka ijikeleze umthi iye emngxunyeni, kwaye leliphi inyathelo lokugqibela? Ungandinceda ngenyathelo lokugqibela? Senze ntoni? Thina...
Emory: Yitsale.
Utitshala: Yitsale uyiqinise! Umsebenzi omhle. Kulungile, ngoku ungandinceda ngamanyathelo amabini okugqibela? Masiyenze kwakhona. Kulungile, kuqala sizakwenza u-“X,” akunjalo? Siza kuyitsala ngokuqinileyo. Emva koko siza kwenza umthi. Kwaye unomvundla wethu uza kubaleka ujikeleze umthi, kwaye yintoni enye into eyenziwa ngumvundla?
Emory: Ngena emngxunyeni.
Utitshala: Yiya emngxunyeni, kwaye emva koko...
Emory: Yibophe ngokuqinileyo.
Utitshala: Yitsale ngokuqinileyo. Umsebenzi omhle. Bekukuhle kakhulu. Ndiyayithanda indlela oyitsalela ngayo iqine ukuze ingaphindeki. Kulungile, masibone ukuba singenza elinye inyathelo, kulungile?
Emory: Kulungile.
Utitshala: Kulungile, siqale senze "X." Kulungile, yitsale ngokuqinileyo, emva koko ndenze umthi. Kwaye yintoni esi siqwenga?
Emory: Unogwaja?
Utitshala: Unomvundla! Ungawuthatha unogwaja ubaleke ujikeleze umthi uye emngxunyeni? Wenza ntoni ke?
Emory: Ndiyitsala ndiyiqinise.
Utitshala: Yitsale ngokuqinileyo. Umsebenzi omhle. Yayingumsebenzi omhle ngokwenene lowo! Ndiyayithanda indlela laa mvundla abaleka ngayo kulaa mngxuma. Kulungile, ulungile?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Ngaba usahoyile?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Kulungile, siza kwenza u-“X” kwaye siyitsale siqinise. Kwaye ke senze ntoni ngalo? Owu, ibingumthi olungileyo lowo. Ngubunny wakho lowo?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Ukubaleka ujikeleze umthi kunye nokuphumela emngxunyeni.
Emory: Yep.
Utitshala: Kwaye uyitsale ngokuqinileyo. Umsebenzi omhle. Ngumsebenzi omkhulu lowo. Kulungile, ucinga ukuba ungayenza yedwa ngeli xesha?
Emory: Uh heh.
Utitshala: Yintoni eyakho…Wenza ntoni? Inyathelo lokuqala? Ngaba uyifumene ukuba idlule? Umsebenzi omhle! Kwaye ndiyayithanda indlela oyitsale waqina ngayo. Owu, khangela kulaa mthi umhle. Nantso ibunny. Yhuu! Nantso imvundla ibaleka ingena emngxunyeni. Umsebenzi omhle! Kwaye uyitsale ngokuqinileyo. Umsebenzi omhle, uEmory! Kwaye ndiyayithanda indlela obophe ngayo isihlangu sakho namhlanje.

Kwakhona, qaphela kwividiyo nganye ukuba utitshala ugxininisa uEmory ngomlomo kuwo wonke umsebenzi aze anike isincamathelisi ekupheleni kweseshoni.

Cofa apha ukuze uphonononge ucazululo lomsebenzi olusetyenziswe ngutitshala kulo msebenzi

Wela iileyisi, tyibilikisa ileyisi enye kumzantsi we-X, uze uyitsale ngokuqinileyo.
Yenza i-loop ngentambo enye (oko kukuthi, yenza umthi).
Bhinqa enye intambo kwilophu (okt, yenza ibhunny ijikeleze umthi).
Faka intambo emngxunyeni (oko kukuthi, i-bunny ibaleka emngxunyeni).
Tsala imitya yomibini ngokuqinileyo.

Qaphela: Lo ngumzekelo omnye kuphela wohlalutyo lomsebenzi wokubopha izihlangu.

Ukuqiniswa, ukukhuthaza, ukulibaziseka kwexesha, ukulinganisa, kunye nohlalutyo lomsebenzi lufunyenwe lusebenzayo ekuphuculeni iziphumo zabantwana kunye nabafundi beminyaka eyahlukeneyo kunye nakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo (umz., intlalo, ukuziphatha, imfundo).

Cofa apha ukuze uphonononge itshathi echaza amaqela eminyaka kunye neendawo ezifunyenwe zisebenza kuzo ezi ndlela.

U-Kara Hume uxoxa ngokubaluleka kwezi zicwangciso zihlanu ezisisiseko. Emva koko, ugxininisa ngokufutshane indlela i-EBP efanayo enokuthi iphunyezwe ngayo kumaqela eminyaka yobudala kodwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Kara Hume, PhD
Inzululwazi yoPhando
Iziko loPhuhliso lwaBantwana likaFrank Porter Graham
IYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina-Chapel Hill

(ixesha: 1:28)

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(ixesha: 1:11)

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Okubhaliweyo: Kara Hume, PhD

Izicwangciso ezizisiseko zintlanu ziyintliziyo yokufundisa okulungileyo kubafundi abanoluphazamiseko okanye abafundi abangenalo uphazamiseko, nkqu nabafundi abakhonza kwiindawo zemfundo jikelele. Kwaye ukuba uyakwazi ukuziqonda ezi zicwangciso zintlanu ezisisiseko, oko kuya komeleza ukuphunyezwa kwazo naziphi na ezinye izenzo ezisekelwe kubungqina ozikhethayo ngenxa yokuba zonke zihlobene. Ukukhuthaza kunye nokomeleza yimigaqo yokufundisa esisiseko onokuyisebenzisa ukufundisa nasiphi na isakhono kulo naliphi na ibanga lobudala nabantu abaninzi. Umzekelo, ukuba uqhuba ucazululo lomsebenzi, ongomnye weendlela ezintlanu ezisekelwe kubungqina obusisiseko, ootitshala ke kufuneka basebenzise i-prompting kunye nokuqinisa ukufundisa ezo zakhono ezicacileyo zomsebenzi omkhulu, okanye ukuba ukhetha iNkqubo yoNxibelelwano lwePicture Exchange, i-prompting yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuloo nto.

Izicwangciso eziliqili ezisisiseko yindawo entle kakhulu yokuqalisa, kwaye into esihlala siyifumanisa kukuba nootitshala abanamava kakhulu banokuzuza ngokuchitha ixesha elininzi befunda ngendlela yokuphumeza ezi nkqubo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, sibona ootitshala abasebenzisa ukuqinisa, kodwa ukuziphatha abafuna ukunyuka akunyuki, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqinisa akusebenzi ngokwenene. Ke ukuchitha ixesha lokufunda ngenene izicwangciso ezisisiseko kuya kuba yingenelo kuphela kuzo zonke ezinye iindlela abazenzayo kumagumbi abo okufundela.

Okubhaliweyo: Kara Hume, PhD

Eyona ngqwalasela ibalulekileyo malunga nendlela ii-EBPs eziphunyezwa ngayo ngokwahlukileyo kumaqela obudala ngokwenene ngumxholo. Ufuna ukucinga malunga nokuba yeyiphi eyona ndawo ifanelekileyo apho le EBP iya kuphunyezwa khona. Ke, kubantwana abancinci, ikhaya kunye negumbi lokufundela labasaqalayo lelona lungiselelo lifanelekileyo lokuphunyezwa, apho kubafundi abadala kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ukuphumeza ii-EBPs kwimeko yemisebenzi, kwindawo yoluntu. Indlela eziphunyezwa ngayo ii-EBPs ayitshintshi ngokuyimfuneko, kodwa into ekufuneka ihlengahlengiswe kulapho ii-EBPs ziphunyezwa khona kwaye yintoni injongo yokuphunyezwa kwezo EBPs. Ke kulo lonke iqela lobudala, sinokucinga malunga nokuphumeza ii-EBPs ukuxhasa ukufikelela koluntu okanye ukuxhasa izakhono zomsebenzi kwindawo yengqesho, apho kubantwana abancinci sinokusebenzisa i-EBP efanayo kodwa sicinga ngokufundisa izakhono zokudlala okanye ukufundisa izicelo zonxibelelwano. Ngokwenene ngumxholo kunye nenjongo ehlengahlengiswa ngokwamaqela obudala.

Ngeenkcukacha zakho

Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga noqheliselo ngalunye lwesiseko, kunye nee-EBP ezininzi eziphawulwe kumaphepha azayo, tyelela IziBonelelo zoNgenelelo oluJolise kwi-Autism kunye neeModyuli (i-FIRM). Apho uya kufumana ulwazi malunga namacandelo aphambili e-EBP kunye nokuziphatha kunye nezakhono ezijongene nazo, isikhokelo sokuphumeza uqheliselo, kunye nezinto ezikhutshelwayo kunye nezinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ezinokunceda ekuphunyezweni.

Ngoku ekubeni amacebo amahlanu asisiseko—uqinisekiso, ukwaziswa, ukulibaziseka kwexesha, umfuziselo, kunye nohlalutyo lomsebenzi—olusoloko lusetyenziswa kubantwana nabafundi abanoluphazamiseko luqalisiwe, le modyuli iya kuphonononga ezininzi kwii-EBPs ezishiyekileyo. Njengoko uKara Hume exubushile ngasentla, uninzi lwezi zicwangciso ziyasebenza kubantwana abakubudala obahlukeneyo. Noko ke, zinikelwa liqela lobudala kumaphepha alandelayo ngenjongo nje yokuzekelisa nokunikela imizekelo.

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