Ubuhlakani bungakwethula kanjani okuqukethwe okubalulekile okufanele kufundwe ngezindlela ezithuthukisa ukufunda kwabafundi?
Ikhasi 5: Izindawo Zokufunda Ezigxile Emphakathini
Isisekelo sendawo yokufunda egxile emphakathini ukugqugquzelwa kwamagugu noma izinkambiso ezikhuthaza ukufunda impilo yonke. Isibonelo kungaba abafundi abazizwa beqiniseka ukubuza imibuzo futhi bangesabi ukusho ukuthi, "Angazi." Lokhu kuphambene nesifundo lapho inkambiso ithi “Ungabanjwa ungazi lutho” (National Research Council, 2000, p. 25).
Izindawo zokufunda ezigxile emphakathini nazo zinomthelela ekuqondaniseni okulindelwe yizifundo zabafundi nabafundisi. Ngosuku lokuqala lwesifundo, kungenzeka ukuthi maningi amasethi okulindelekile kanye nokuqagela mayelana nesifundo njengoba kunabantu ekilasini. Lapho abafundisi bezinika isikhathi sokwenza imigomo yesifundo kanye nalokho abakulindele kucace, bathatha isinyathelo sokuqala sokuzuza ukubambisana kwabafundi babo. Lapho abafundisi bethatha isikhathi sokuveza lokho okulindelwe ngabafundi babo kanye nokuqagela, basuke beqala phansi beya endaweni yokufunda ebambisene ngempela.
Uma abafundi beqonda ukuthi umfundisi wabo unaka izidingo zabo, kokubili umuntu ngamunye kanye neqoqo, maningi amathuba okuthi babe ababambiqhaza abakhuthele ekwakhiweni komphakathi wekilasi osiza wonke amalungu awo ukuthi afinyelele imigomo yawo yokufunda.
Lalela isiqeshana somsindo esingezansi ukuze uthuthukise ukuqonda kwakho izindawo zokufunda ezigxile emphakathini (isikhathi: 1:14).
Okulotshiweyo: Okulindelekile
Njengoba uKellie ecabanga ukuthi yini ehilelekile ekudaleni indawo yokufunda egxile emphakathini ezifundweni zakhe, waphinda wakhumbula “Isifundo sikaProfessor.” Wayefike amcabange kanjalo. Wayenekhono elimangalisayo futhi wanikeza izethulo ezinhle kakhulu. Kodwa manje waqaphela ukuthi wayenezinto ezimbili ezichazwe kahle kodwa ezingashiwongo. Ngaye ngokwakhe, wayelindele ukuletha ama-monologue alungiselelwe kahle, futhi kubafundi bakhe, wayelindele ukunakwa ngokucophelela. Imibuzo noma ingxoxo eyeqisayo yayiphazamisa lokho ayekubheka njengokukufunda. Lokhu obekulindelwe, nakuba kungashiwongo, bekuyizinkambiso zangempela zasekilasini. UKellie naye waqala ukuqonda ukuthi yilabo bafundi kuphela abaphase ngamalengiso ngaphansi kwalesi simiso ababebongwa futhi babhekwa njengababalulekile nabanekhono.
Le ndlela yokufundisa yasekolishi ishiye abafundi abaningi ngemuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kwezinto ezilindelwe okwabelwana ngazo kanye namathuba okusebenzisana kwakha isimo “sawo wonke umuntu ngokwakhe.” Umphumela waba umuzwa wokuthi lesi sifundo simayelana nokukhetha ithalente kunokuthuthukisa ithalente. Futhi kungazelelwe wazibuza ukuthi bangaki afunda nabo ekilasini ababeshiye leso sifundo bezizwa bedangele.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi lesi siqeshana somsindo asiphikisani namazinga aphezulu njengoba echazwe esigabeni esigxile ekuhloleni. Ngokuphambene, umphakathi wekilasi lapho abafundi nothisha wabo besekela ukufunda kwamalungu ekilasi ugqamisa umgomo omkhulu wezindawo zokufunda ezigxile emphakathini: ukusiza wonke umfundi ukuba “athuthukise ikhono nokuzethemba” (Bransford, Bropy, & Williams, 2000).
UBransford, Vye, and Bateman (2002) baphawula imiphumela embalwa okungenzeka ibe mihle kubafundi emakilasini anemiphakathi eqinile. Laba bafundi:
- Bazimisele ukuvumela ontanga yabo babone ukuthi abazi konke
- Thuthukisa amakhono abo okuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi
- Gxila ezinhlosweni zabo zokufunda ekwazini okuqukethwe kunokufunda into ethile ukuze bathole amamaki amahle
Ababhali bafingqa ngokuthi, “Imiphakathi yasemakilasini ehlinzeka ngezimo ezikhuthazayo, ezisekelayo, neziphephile lapho abafundi bengayeki ukuzibekela inselele ngenxa yokwesaba ukwehluleka nokuhlekwa ngamakilasi lapho abafundi befunda khona impilo yabo yonke” (Bransford, Vye, & Bateman, 2002).
Enye indlela isikhungo se-IRIS esizame ngayo ukwamukela umbono wezindawo zokufunda ezigxile emphakathini iwukwenza umphakathi wokuzijwayeza. Sinikeze amasayithi ethu okucwaninga nokusebenzisa amathuluzi omqondo, ngendlela yamamojula aku-inthanethi nezinto zokwakha, nokusekelwa okuqhubekayo ngethemba lokusiza umphakathi wokuzijwayeza phakathi kobuhlakani nabafundi. Siyethemba ukuthi ukwabelana ngolwazi mayelana nezicelo zabo kuzothuthukisa umphakathi okhula njalo wokuzijwayeza nokuthi kuzoba nomthelela omuhle emiphumeleni yokufunda yabafundi.
Manje njengoba usubuke isifinyezo esifushane sendawo yokufunda egxile emphakathini, ungathanda ukuthatha amaminithi ambalwa ukuze uxhumane nezimo zokuphonselwa inselelo ngezansi.
Yini Impendulo
Ifilimu elandelayo(isikhathi: 0:53) nomsindo (isikhathi: 1:12) ka-John Bransford ikhombisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa izinkambiso zasekilasini kungasiza kanjani ekuthuthukiseni amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga kanye nobungcweti bokuguquguquka.
Okulotshiweyo: Yeka Impendulo
Cabanga ngalesi simo sekilasi. Umfundisi uvame ukunikeza abafundi bakhe izinkinga ezinzima futhi abacele ukuthi bazame konke okusemandleni abo ukuthola izixazululo, ngisho noma behluleka. Ngemva kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe, kuba nengxoxo yekilasi lapho umfundi ngamunye ekhuluma ngezimpendulo namasu akhe. Umfundisi uhola lezi zingxoxo futhi wenza umsebenzi omuhle enikeza impendulo emibonweni eminingi futhi acacise ukuthi izinkinga azethulile zingaxazululwa kanjani. Nokho, le ndlela yokuxazulula izinkinga iwumsebenzi onzima wawo wonke umuntu futhi sebephelelwa isineke. Maphakathi nesifundo, ngenhlonipho bacela umfundisi ukuba abatshele indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga kunokuba abenze bachithe isikhathi esiningi bezama bebodwa. Phela, abavamile ukuthola izimpendulo ngendlela efanele. Yini umfundisi angayenza ukuze akholise ikilasi ukuthi indlela yakhe yokuxazulula izinkinga ilungele bona? Noma ingabe le ndlela ayizuzisi njengoba ecabanga?
Umbhalo: John Bransford, PhD
Nokho, le nselele ifika odabeni oluvame ukuvela kubafundi, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana baya, "Wozani sisebenze kahle, vele ungitshele impendulo. Kufanele ube uthisha, futhi ngize lapha ukuze ngifunde." Futhi ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu kunengqondo ngokuphelele. Ngisho, ezintweni eziningi, uyazi, uma ufuna ngifunde ukuhlanganisa ibhayisikili, ngifuna ukwazi ukuthi ngilenza kanjani. Angiyidingi ithiyori, isifundo sethiyori yefiziksi ngesikhathi esifanayo. Kodwa enye yezinto ezibalulekile ekusizeni abantu babone indlela okudingeka bazilungiselele ngayo ukuphila ibuyela emuva “ekubukeni komhlaba ngaphandle kwesikole.” Futhi ikakhulukazi lokho uPeter Vail akubiza ngokuthi “umhlaba wamanzi amhlophe,” kanye neqiniso lokuthi, uma uzolungiselelwa indawo enamanzi amhlophe, kufanele uzilungiselele ukufunda ukuxazulula izinkinga uwedwa. Akekho umeluleki ongahlala ezinyaweni zakhe. Ayikho incwadi ongayifunda. Awukwazi ukuphakelwa isipuni kulezo zimo. Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi, qiniseka ukuthi kuhle ukuhlala phansi komeluleki, uthole nje ulwazi, usebenze kahle. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi njengengxenye yomsebenzi wakho udinga ngempela ukufunda indlela yokufunda uwedwa, uzabalaze uwedwa, futhi ufunde okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuxazulula izinkinga uwedwa.
Lalela umbono olalelwayo ovela ku-Peter Vaill mayelana namapharadigm amasha okufundisa nokufunda ezingeni lasekolishi (isikhathi: 0:39).
Peter Vaill, PhD
USolwazi Wokuphatha
I-Antioch University
Umbhalo: Peter Vaill, PhD
Ngicabanga ukuthi esinye sezihluthulelo zokuthuthukisa ukufundisa ukuthi usolwazi abe ngumfundi othe xaxa. Isiko lamanje lithi uprofesa uchwepheshe futhi umfundi ngumfundi. Futhi akuwona amalungu amaningi obuhlakani abangena ekilasini elindele ukuba nolwazi olunamandla lokufunda. Kodwa osolwazi abangena ekilasini njengabafundi futhi bahlangane nomfundi njengoba abafundi behlangana nalolu hlobo lokuvuleleka nokumangala okufana nokwengane kanye nesasasa nokuzimisela ukuhlola kanye nokuzimisela ukubuza imibuzo. Labo bangosolwazi abafundi ababathanda ngempela futhi abahlobene nabo.
Isibonelo esigxile emphakathini
Buka umsebenzi ogxile emphakathini mayelana nemibono nezinkolelo zomuntu ngamunye mayelana nezibalo Kumojula ye-IRIS Imfundo Yezibalo Ezisezingeni Eliphezulu: Okufanele Othisha Bakwazi.
Activity
Ingabe izitatimende ezimayelana nekhono lezibalo emabhokisini angezansi ziyiqiniso noma amanga? Funda ngayinye bese uchofoza okuthi “Iqiniso” noma “Amanga” ukuze uthole impendulo.
Imibono Nezinkolelo Ngokuphathelene Nezibalo
Ingabe izitatimende ezimayelana nekhono lezibalo emabhokisini angezansi ziyiqiniso noma amanga? Funda ngayinye bese uchofoza okuthi “Iqiniso” noma “Amanga” ukuze uthole impendulo.
(Vala leli phaneli)
Ngemva kokuba sebefunde okuthile mayelana nemibono nezinkolelo zomuntu ngamunye mayelana nezibalo, lo msebenzi ogxile emphakathini uzovumela abafundi ukuthi babelane ngokuthile ngezinkolelo zabo nokuthi lokho kungase kube nomthelela kanjani ekufundiseni kwabo. Imisebenzi egxile emphakathini iphinde isize abafundi ukuthi babone imibono yabo engase yehluke kweyontanga yabo, futhi banqume ukuthi lowo mehluko wamukelekile yini. Lezi zinhlobo zemisebenzi ziyithuba lokuthi abafundi baqale ukuqonda ukuthi imibono nemibono eyiphutha yakhiwa kanjani emphakathini. Ngokuhlanganyela ukuxhumana okunenjongo komunye nomunye, bangakwazi ukuzijwayeza ukwamukela, ukubekezelelana, ukubambisana, kanye nokuhlonipha okwabiwe ngabanye.
