Kodi autism ndi chiyani ndipo ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zimagwirizana nazo?
Tsamba 2: Makhalidwe a Autism
Monga tanena kale, Autism imaimiridwa ndi mikhalidwe yofananira (mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwa kulumikizana, kuyanjana, kubwerezabwereza, ndi zokonda zoletsedwa). Pazifukwa zodziwira autism, izi zimaphatikizidwa m'magawo awiri:
- Kusiyanasiyana kwa kulankhulana ndi anthu komanso kuyanjana
- Zoletsedwa kapena zobwerezabwereza zamakhalidwe, zokonda, kapena zochita
Makhalidwewa amatha kuwonekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga momwe tawonetsera m'mabuku omwe ali pansipa.
| Kusiyana kwa Social Communication ndi Social Interaction | |
| khalidwe | zitsanzo |
| Mavuto oyambitsa ndi kuyankha pamayanjano ochezera |
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| Zovuta kuchita zokambirana mmbuyo ndi kutsogolo |
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| Kusiyana pakugwiritsa ntchito kapena kumvetsetsa kulumikizana kosagwiritsa ntchito mawu |
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| Zovuta pakukulitsa ndi kusunga maubwenzi |
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| Zoletsedwa Kapena Zobwerezabwereza za Makhalidwe, Zokonda, kapena Zochita | |
| khalidwe | zitsanzo |
| Kusuntha mobwerezabwereza ndi zinthu kapena thupi |
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| Mawu obwerezabwereza |
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| Kutsatira mwamphamvu machitidwe kapena miyambo |
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| Zokonda kwambiri kapena zokonda kwambiri |
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| Mayankhidwe achilendo pazokhudza zomverera
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mayankho atypical ku zomverera matanthauzo |
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Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti palibe munthu m'modzi yemwe angawonetse mawonekedwe aliwonse ndipo kuphatikiza, kulimba, ndi kuwonetsera kwa mikhalidweyi kudzakhala kwapadera kwa munthu aliyense. Kuonjezera apo, zosowa zawo zothandizira zimatha kukhala zochepa kwambiri mpaka zowonjezereka. Wophunzira m'modzi atha kukhala wodziyimira pawokha, wongofuna kulangizidwa kapena kuwonjezeredwa mkalasi, pomwe wina angafunike kuthandizidwa ndi akulu mosalekeza pakulankhulana, ntchito zophunzirira, ndi zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku. Komanso, munthu nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu mu luso kuchokera ku luso lina kapena dera lina kupita ku lina. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira akhoza kusonyeza luso la masamu koma amavutika kuti afotokoze zomwe akufuna komanso zosowa zawo.
Ziwonetsero Zofufuza
Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi autism amapezekanso ndi matenda ena. Kafukufuku wopitilira 300 adawonetsa zochitika zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri komanso kuchuluka kwawo pakati pa ana ndi ophunzira omwe ali ndi autism. Izi zikuphatikizapo:
- Dyspraxia - 87%
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dyspraxia
matanthauzo
- ADHD - 45%
- Nkhawa - 42%
- Kudya kapena vuto la kudya - 42%
- Luntha lanzeru - 35%
- Kusokonezeka kwa kugona - 30%
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vuto la kugona-kudzuka
matanthauzo
- Kukhumudwa - 14%
- Khunyu - 13%
(Micai et al., 2023)
Evelyn, m'modzi mwa ophunzira omwe ali muvidiyo ya Challenge, akufotokoza zomwe adakumana nazo ndi autism, nkhawa, ndi ADHD.
Pali zilombo zitatu zosiyana m'mutu mwanga zomwe zikuyesera kukhala mpando wa dalaivala wa ubongo wanga. Kotero, ngati ndidzakhala wolimba mtima kwambiri sekondi imodzi kenako sekondi yotsatira, ngati wolimba mtima ungakhale autism yomwe imandiyendetsa. Koma nkhawa ikatulutsa autism ndikundipangitsa mantha kwambiri pa chilichonse. Kenako ADHD ikalowa, ndipo ndimangokhala wosokonezeka kwambiri.
Kuti mungodziwa
Pakali pano, anyamata ali ndi mwayi wopezeka ndi autism kuposa atsikana katatu. Ngakhale akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti vuto la autism ndilofala kwambiri mwa anyamata, chiwerengerocho chimasiyana chifukwa atsikana nthawi zambiri amawadziwa molakwika kapena amachedwa kuzindikiridwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a autistic. Mwachitsanzo, atsikana omwe ali ndi vuto lodzimva amakhala ndi luso locheza ndi anthu, amakhala ndi makhalidwe ochepa obwerezabwereza, ndipo amakhala ndi zokonda zomwe zimavomerezedwa ndi anthu (mwachitsanzo, akavalo, anthu otchuka) poyerekeza ndi anyamata omwe ali ndi autism. Kuphatikiza apo, atsikana amakhala ndi mwayi wokumana ndi zovuta zamkati (mwachitsanzo, nkhawa, kukhumudwa) m'malo mongochita mowonekera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa ndi anyamata (mwachitsanzo, kunyanyira, nkhanza).
Kuti adziwike ndi autism, munthu ayenera kuti adawonetsa mikhalidwe ina ali mwana, ngakhale mikhalidwe imeneyo sinazindikiridwe panthawiyo. Ana aang'ono omwe ali ndi autism nthawi zambiri amasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa zochitika zazikuluzikulu, monga:
Kodi mumadziwa?
Ngakhale kuti autism ndi chinthu chomwe munthu amabadwa nacho, sichidziwika nthawi zonse ali wamng'ono. Nthawi zina, zizindikiro za autism zimangowonekera pamene munthu akukumana ndi zofuna zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha ukalamba.
- Pakatha miyezi 9: Sayankha ku dzina; sichiwonetsa mawonekedwe a nkhope omwe amayembekezeredwa (mwachitsanzo, okondwa, okwiya, achisoni, odabwa)
- Pakatha miyezi 12: Simasewera masewera osavuta ongokambirana (mwachitsanzo, pat-a-keke); amagwiritsa ntchito manja pang'ono kapena ayi (mwachitsanzo, kutsazikana)
- Pakatha miyezi 15: Sagawana zokonda ndi ena (mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsa wina chinthu chomwe amachikonda)
- Pakatha miyezi 18: Saloza kusonyeza chinthu chosangalatsa
- Pofika zaka 2: Zimawoneka kuti sizimazindikira ena akakhumudwa kapena kukhumudwa
- Pofika zaka 3: Osajowina ana ena pamasewera
- Pofika zaka 4: Sachita nawo maseŵera oyerekezera
(US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024)
ntchito
Unikaninso makanema omwe ali pansipa. Gulu lirilonse liri ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha mwana wamng'ono yemwe ali ndi khalidwe la msinkhu wawo ndi kukula kwake komanso mwana yemwe ali ndi zizindikiro za autism. Pavidiyo iliyonse, yerekezerani ndi kusiyanitsa khalidwe la mwana aliyense ndipo zindikirani zizindikiro za autistic zomwe mwana wachiwiri akuwonetsa.
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Kyle, wa miyezi khumi ndi itatu, amasewera ndi makapu okongola okhala ndi zisa. Amasewera nawo momwe adapangidwira kuti aziseweredwa, kuyika makapu ang'onoang'ono mkati mwa zazikulu. Amadutsa makapu mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo ndi munthu wamkulu wowona, yemwe amamupangitsa kuti apitirize kusewera. |
Muvidiyoyi, Evan wa miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi iwiri akusewera ndi chidole cha foni pochigwedeza ndikuchiponya. Ngakhale munthu wina wamkulu atasonyeza mmene angagwiritsire ntchito chidolecho monga momwe anafunira—kunamizira kuti wayankha foni ya Evan ndi kumupatsa foni yam’manja—iye amalimbikira kuseŵera kwake. |
Kulankhula |
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Alex wazaka ziwiri wakhala pampando wapamwamba ali ndi thireyi ya chakudya patsogolo pake. Munthu wamkulu akukambirana naye za chakudya chake cham'mawa, ndipo Alex akuyankha monga momwe amayembekezera . Munthu wamkuluyo akumuuza kuti , “Ndiye tingodikira mpaka chikhale chofunda komanso chokoma. Koma chikhale chotentha pang'ono, wokondedwa.” Alex akuyankha kuti, “Chikhale chotentha pang'ono?” Kukambiranako kumapitirira, Alex akutsatira maganizo a munthu wamkuluyo nthawi iliyonse ndikuyankha moyenera. |
Munthu wamkulu akulowa kuchipinda komwe wazaka ziwiri ndi theka Lucas akusewera. Iye akuti, "Moni, Lucas!" Akubwereza, "Hi, Lucas." Akuti, “Ayi. Nenani, ‘Moni, Georgia!’” Akubwereza, "Moni, Georgia." Kenako anafunsa, "Muli bwanji?" Akubwereza, "Muli bwanji?" Anamuwuza nthawi yomweyo, Nenani kuti, 'Ndili bwino.' Amati, "Ndili bwino." |
Yankho ku Dzina |
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Kyle wa miyezi khumi ndi iwiri akusewera ndi zoseweretsa pansi. Munthu wamkulu akalankhula dzina lake, Kyle nthawi yomweyo amatembenukira kwa iye pozindikira. Amamwetulira ndikuloza asanayambe kukwawira kwa wamkulu komanso phokoso la mawu ake. |
Akuluakulu awiri akuyesera kukakamiza Evan wa miyezi 19 kuti ayankhe dzina lake . Ngakhale atayesa kutero pomukhudza ndi kumukodola, Evan akupitirizabe kupewa kuyang'ana m'maso mwa akuluakulu ndipo sakusonyeza chizindikiro chozindikira dzina lake. |
Kubwerera ku Challenge
Mbiri zomwe zili pansipa zikuwonetsa zina mwa makhalidwe omwe ana ndi ophunzira omwe ali ndi autism akuwonetsa mu kanema wa Challenge. Sankhani chithunzi cha wophunzira aliyense kuti mudziwe zambiri za makhalidwe awo a autism. Onani momwe aliyense amasonyezera kusiyana kwapadera pakulankhulana ndi anthu komanso kuyanjana ndi anthu komanso machitidwe, zokonda, kapena zochita zocheperako kapena zobwerezabwereza.
Nowa
Mwana wazaka zitatu
Rogan
Wophunzira wa kusukulu ya pulayimale
Evelyn
Wophunzira wa sekondale
Joseph
Wophunzira kusekondale
Nowa
| Social Communication/Social Interaction | Mapangidwe Oletsedwa/Obwerezabwereza |
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Rogan
| Social Communication/Social Interaction | Mapangidwe Oletsedwa/Obwerezabwereza |
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Mu kanemayu, abambo ake a Rogan, Chad, akufotokoza zina mwa makhalidwe a Rogan okhudza autism (nthawi: 1:49).
Nkhani: Chad, Abambo a Rogan
Amakonda kulimbikira, umm, malingaliro, ndi mfundo zina. Umm, amakonda kudziwa zomwe zikubwera, amakonda kwambiri—amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi . . . kudziwa nthawi yomwe zinthu zidzachitike. Umm, osati . . . wokonda zodabwitsa. Komabe, wakula, uhh, moti, uhh, wasintha kwambiri.
Kotero iye ndi . . . ndi wochezeka kwambiri, pafupifupi kufika poti zimasokoneza. Umm, amakonda kukhala pakati pa chidwi. Umm, kotero iye . . . amakonda nthabwala zake, umm, zomwe nthawi zonse zingakhale zomveka [kuseka] pa . . . pakupereka kwake. Kotero amakhala ndi chizolowezi cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Amalowa mu ofesi, amatenga, umm, mankhwala ake m'mawa uliwonse, nthawi zonse amalankhula ndi—aliyense amene ali mu ofesi, umm, mkulu wa sukulu, ogwira ntchito mu ofesi, othandizira, umm, mlonda, aliyense . . . aliyense amamudziwa kumeneko. Umm, kenako, monga, m'kalasi, chabwino, ndi . . . ndi "Chabwino, chabwino, tiyenera kulamulira zimenezo." Umm, iye . . . iye, kwa kanthawi, anali—ankakonda kwambiri akuluakulu. Umm, ndipo tikuganiza kuti izi zinachitika chifukwa cha ... mfundo yakuti iye anali - anakhala nthawi yayitali mu ... mu chithandizo ndi kuyanjana ndi akuluakulu kuposa anzake. Uhh, koma tsopano akukopeka, uhh, ndi anzake, umm, ndi ... ndipo onse amamuthandiza ... zana limodzi.
Evelyn
| Social Communication/Social Interaction | Mapangidwe Oletsedwa/Obwerezabwereza |
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maganizo dysregulation matanthauzo |
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Mu kuyankhulana koyamba, Evelyn akufotokoza makhalidwe ake a autism ndi momwe autism imapangira zomwe adakumana nazo. Kenako, akufotokoza momwe ndakatulo idakhalira njira yamphamvu yodziwonetsera ndipo akugawana ndakatulo yake, "Autism."
Evelyn
Wophunzira wa sekondale
Makhalidwe ndi Zochitika za Autistic
Kudziwonetsera Wekha Kudzera mu Ndakatulo
Chikalata: Evelyn
Makhalidwe ndi Zochitika za Autistic
Ndimakonda. Zili ngati mphamvu pang'ono. Kapena ndimaganiza ngati, ngwazi zina zimakhala ndi mphamvu zawo zomwe zimawagwira bwino kenako onse amakhala ndi vuto—monga, ummm, akhoza kukhala, ngati, akuyendetsedwa ndi ma donuts kapena china chake. Ndipo zanga, ngati phokoso kapena ngati momwe malingaliro anga onse amamvera, ngati, akukwera. Ndimakonda kufanana kwa tsiku lililonse, monga kudziwa kuti kalasi iliyonse ndi ya mphindi 50 kupatula chakudya chamasana, chomwe ndi 30, ndi band, chomwe ndi ola limodzi. Ndipo ndimakonda kudziwa kuti sizisintha, konse; tsiku lonse lidzakhala lalitali mofanana; ndipo mabelu azilira nthawi zomwezo tsiku lililonse.
Zikumveka ngati dziko likutha, umm, pamene pali kusintha. Monga ngati ndikudziwa kuti mwina padzakhala kusintha ndipo tsiku limenelo ndidzakonza chakudya chamasana chomwecho masiku angapo motsatizana kuti, monga, ndiwonjezere kufanana kwa tsiku langa. Kapena ndidzavala zovala zomwe ndimakonda kwambiri ndipo sindisamala kuti zimawoneka bwanji. Kapena ndidzathera maola ambiri, umm, ndikuphunzira za zomwe ndimakonda kwambiri, kuonera anthu akuimba nyimbo mwachisawawa pa lipenga lawo, kapena kuonera ziwopsezo zoopsa za shaki.
Sindikhala ndi munthu aliyense nthawi ya nkhomaliro. Ine, ngati, ndimakhala ndekha kumbuyo. Ndipo, umm, ndilibe anzanga kusukulu. Anzanga onse amapita kutchalitchi kwanga ndipo ali mu giredi 9—monga gulu lonse la achinyamata. Koma ndakhala ndikuvutika ndi, monga, kupeza abwenzi, kuyambira ndili mwana wa kindergarten. Ndipo sindikumvetsa momwe ndingakhalire bwenzi, ndimakonda zomwe akufuna kulankhula. Monga, ndimakhala nthawi yambiri ndikungoyesa, ngati, ndinadzipangira bwenzi tsiku lina. Ndipo ndinalemba mfundo zambiri zokhudza iwo. Kapena, ngati, ndipanga anzanga omwe si enieni ndikungopanga okha, zomwe sizili zosangalatsa ngati bwenzi lenileni. Ndipo ndikudziwa kuti anthu, ngati, zinthu zotsutsana zimagwirizana kapena china chake. Koma kwa ine, zili ngati kuti ndikufunika kukhala, ngati, zofanana kwambiri kuti ndilumikizane. Ndikufuna wina woti akhale ndi chidwi ndi chimodzi mwazokonda zanga zapadera ndipo osasamala ngati nditalankhula nawo.
Chikalata: Evelyn
Kudziwonetsera Wekha Kudzera mu Ndakatulo
Tsiku lina sitinali ndi, uhh, tinali ndi sub mu ELA, ndipo sindimakonda sub chifukwa sindimakonda kusintha. Ndipo tinali ndi sub ndipo iye anali, monga—kotero mu ELA magetsi onse anali ozimitsidwa, koma tinali ndi, monga, magetsi a fairy ndipo iye anali ndi magetsi a fairy, theka lawo linali kuthwanima, ngati, millisecond iliyonse, theka lawo linali kuthwanima masekondi awiri aliwonse, kenako magetsi anali kuyaka—kotero zinali zopenga kwambiri. Ndipo ndinali wokwiya kwambiri. Choncho ndinalemba ndakatulo nditamaliza ntchito yanga. Ndipo sinali ndakatulo yokwiya. Zinali momwe ndimamvera. Kenako woyang'anira laibulale yanga—yemwe ndi wabwino kwambiri—anapeza ndakatuloyo, ndipo anaiwerenga ndipo anayamba kulira. Kotero ndinaganiza kuti ndachita chinthu choipa kwambiri, ngati kuti ndimaganiza kuti ndamupangitsa kulira. Ndinamva chisoni kwambiri chifukwa chomupangitsa kulira. Ndipo iye anati, “Ayi, ndi misozi yachimwemwe.” Kenako anandiuza kuti ndiyambe kulemba ndakatulo zambiri. Kotero tsiku lililonse ndinkalemba ndakatulo zitatu kenako n’kupita kukazionetsa kwa iye. Ankazisunga m’gulu. Kenako anandiuza kuti ndizipereke pa Canva kuti ndizisindikize kenako laibulale idzatha kuziona tsopano.
Iyi imatchedwa "Autism" ndipo, monga momwe ndamvera anthu ambiri akufotokozedwa ngati maloboti okhala ndi autism. Koma kwa ine, ndili ngati, monga, umm ndikuganiza, loboti yolenga kwambiri. Koma imati:
satha kulankhula bwinobwino
Ndili ndi autism
Ine sindine loboti
Ndili ndi malingaliro
Kuwala kumapweteka
Phokoso limapweteka
Chonde ndilemekezeni
Musaseke
Osaloza
Osaloza
Ndili ndi autism
ndi
Ine sindine loboti
Monga, si tonsefe akatswiri a masamu omwe amachita zinthu ngati maloboti. Ndifenso olemba ndakatulo olenga omwe amapeza chisangalalo chawo kuchokera m'mawu ndi kukonda mawu, monga kuphunzira matanthauzo awo. Ndipo sitili tonse ofanana. Monga, ena a ife tingakhale ndi chidwi ndi asodzi ndipo ena a ife tingakhale ndi chidwi ndi nkhumba, koma si tonsefe omwe tingathe kuthetsa kyubu ya Rubik m'masekondi osakwana 12 kapena kupeza mawerengedwe ovuta kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamaganizo.
Joseph
| Social Communication/Social Interaction | Mapangidwe Oletsedwa/Obwerezabwereza |
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Mu kanemayu, Joseph akufotokoza za iye mwini ndi amayi ake, LaTonya, akufotokoza zina mwa makhalidwe ake a autism (nthawi: 1:49).
Nkhani: Joseph ndi LaTonya, Amayi a Joseph
Amayi: Kodi mungadzitchule bwanji? Yosefe ndi chiyani?
Joseph: Wanzeru.
Amayi: Wanzeru. Chinanso n'chiyani?
Yosefe: Wachifundo.
Amayi: Wachifundo.
Joseph: Ndinu oyamikira.
Amayi: Mukuthokoza.
Joseph: Ndiwe wodabwitsa.
Amayi: Ndiwe wodabwitsa.
Yosefe: Zabwino kwambiri.
Amayi: Ndipo zabwino kwambiri. Mawu abwino kwambiri!
Joseph: Wabwino kwambiri.
Amayi: Wodabwitsa. Chabwino, ndi momwe amadzifotokozera. Um, ndinganene kuti Joseph ndi ... ndi wakhama pantchito. Amayambitsa ntchito - ndipo sindikudziwa ngati ndi yabwino kapena yoipa - koma ayenera kuimaliza asanayambe ntchito ina. Nthawi zina sizigwira ntchito ngati muli ndi nthawi yovuta ndipo mumati, "Hei, tiyeni tizipita." Akufuna kumaliza ntchito yomwe akugwira.
Um, ali ndi chidwi chachikulu pa tsatanetsatane. Choncho asanachoke kusukulu lero, wachiwiri kwa mphunzitsi wake wamkulu anali kumufunsa, kungotchula mayina a oseketsa, ndipo akanatha kutchula mafilimu omwe woseketsayo anali nawo. Um, ali ndi DVD yayikulu kwambiri kunyumba. Ndimaganiza, mukudziwa, tikayeretsa, tikhoza kungowachotsa. Koma amawakonza ndi studio yopanga. Ndi zosiyana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti chidwi chake pa tsatanetsatane ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zake zazikulu.
Wandionetsa, um, kuti ndi wachifundo kwambiri. Um, ndikuganiza kuti zimachokera ku chidwi chake mpaka tsatanetsatane. Kotero tikhoza kukhala kutsidya lina la masitolo ndipo amatha kumva kulira kwa mwana kuchokera kutali, ndipo iye wakhudzidwa ndi zimenezo. Pomwe ena onse, chifukwa cha phokoso la tsikulo, sitimvera zinthu zomwe sizili bwino kwa ife kapena zomwe zikuchitika mwachindunji kwa ife. Amamvetsera zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira iye.
