Kodi aphunzitsi ayenera kuganizira chiyani akamagwira ntchito ndi ophunzira omwe ali ndi autism?

Tsamba 6: Malo Ophunzirira

Chitsime: Unduna wa Maphunziro ku US. (2023). IDEA Gawo B la chiwerengero cha ana ndi kusonkhanitsa malo ophunzirira, 2022–23 [Deta yonse].

Popanga IFSP kapena IEP, gulu la akatswiri osiyanasiyana liyenera kuganizira momwe lingathandizire zosowa zapadera za ophunzira mkati mwa maphunziro. Aphunzitsi onse ayenera kumvetsetsa momwe angapangire malo ophunzirira opindulitsa chifukwa ophunzira ambiri omwe ali ndi autism amakhala nthawi yayitali m'makalasi a maphunziro wamba. Monga momwe chithunzi chili kumanja chikusonyezera, 76% ya ophunzira amakhala 40% kapena kuposerapo tsiku lawo m'makalasi a maphunziro wamba.

Makamaka kwa ana ndi ophunzira omwe ali ndi autism, aphunzitsi ayenera kupanga malo ophunzirira omwe amalimbikitsa kukhala otetezeka komanso kulimbikitsa kuyanjana. Atha kuchita izi popanga mawonekedwe ndi kulosera, kusintha malo omvera, ndikupereka zothandizira zowoneka. Zolinga zachilengedwezi ndizopindulitsa osati kwa ophunzira a autistic koma kwa ophunzira onse.

Pangani Kapangidwe ndi Kuneneratu

Kapangidwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pothandiza anthu autistic kuchita bwino. Kukhala ndi malo ophunzirira bwino kungathandize kuchepetsa nkhawa za ophunzira zomwe zingapangitse ophunzira kukhala omvera pophunzira komanso kuchita bwino maphunziro. Kuti awonjezere dongosolo, aphunzitsi angathe:

• Khazikitsani dongosolo lodziwikiratu: Onetsetsani kuti zochitika zomwezo zikuchitika nthawi imodzi pamasiku kapena masabata.
• Pitirizani kuchita zinthu mosasinthasintha: Onetsetsani kuti machitidwe a m'kalasi akutsatira ndondomeko yodziwika bwino.
• Sungani zinthu mwadongosolo: Sungani zinthu m'malo osankhidwa, osasintha.
• Khalani ndi masanjidwe ogwirizana: Chepetsani kusintha kwa chipinda.
• Nthawi Yopanga ndi Zosintha: Lankhulani pamene ntchito zikuyamba ndi kutha, nthawi ya ntchito, ndi momwe mungayendere pakati pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana.

Zosintha zikachitika, aphunzitsi amatha kuthandiza ophunzira a autistic popereka chidziwitso chapamwamba ngati kuli kotheka. Mwachitsanzo, mphunzitsi angadziŵitse ana asukulu kumayambiriro kwa tsiku za msonkhano umene wakonzedwa umene udzasintha chizolowezi chawo kapena kuwadziwitsa kwa masiku ochepa chabe za kusintha kwa malo okhala.

Sinthani Malo Omverera

Kumbukirani kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi autism nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi kuyankha ku zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi masensa mosiyana ndi anzawo. Ena akhoza kukhala ndi chidwi chachikulu (monga, kuyankha mopitirira muyeso) ku mbali zina za malo okhudzidwa; akhoza kusokonezedwa kapena kusokonezedwa ndi magetsi owala a fluorescent, phokoso lalikulu, malo odzaza anthu, kapena mawonekedwe ena. Ena angakhale ndi chidwi chochepa (monga, kuyankha moperewera), zomwe zingawapangitse kufunafuna zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi masensa kudzera mu machitidwe monga kugwedezeka, kugwedezeka, kapena kupanga phokoso. Kuti makalasi awo akhale abwino kwambiri pa masensa, aphunzitsi angathe:

• Chepetsani kapena chotsani zokongoletsa zosafunikira ndi zosokoneza
• Perekani njira kwa ophunzira kuti azitha kuwongolera zomwe akumva (monga malo ena okhala, zomvera zochepetsera phokoso)
• Pangani zokumana nazo zamaphunziro osiyanasiyana (monga kuphatikiza kukhudza, mawu, kapena kusuntha mumaphunziro)
• Pangani malo oti ophunzira athe kuchita zinthu zokhuza thupi (monga kumvetsera nyimbo, kuvala bulangeti lolemera) kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi (monga matalala, kukankhira khoma)

Perekani Zothandizira Zowoneka

Aphunzitsi amatha kuthandiza ophunzira omwe ali ndi autism pogwiritsa ntchito zothandizira zowoneka - mtundu uliwonse wa chinthu chowoneka (monga zithunzi, zizindikiro za zithunzi, mawu olembedwa) chomwe chimathandiza wophunzira kupeza chidziwitso, kumvetsetsa machitidwe kapena ziyembekezo, kapena kuchita luso kapena khalidwe payekha. Zothandizira izi ziyenera kukhala zoyenera msinkhu ndi chitukuko ndipo ziyenera kuthandizira wophunzirayo kudziyimira payekha momwe angathere. Pansipa, fufuzani magulu atatu a zothandizira zowoneka ndi zitsanzo za chilichonse.

Malire owoneka

Zothandizira zamtunduwu zimawonetsa madera amkalasi momwe zimachitikira (mwachitsanzo, nthawi yozungulira, ntchito yodziyimira pawokha). Izi zimathandiza ophunzira kumvetsetsa zomwe zimachitika kudera linalake, ziyembekezo za derali, ndi komwe amayembekezereka kukhala nthawi yonse yomwe akuchita.

Unikaninso chiwonetsero chazithunzi pansipa zitsanzo za momwe malire owonera angapangidwe mkalasi.

Sinthani 1 pa 3

Makonzedwe a mipando: Mwa kukonza mipando mwanzeru—monga mashelufu a mabuku, matebulo, ma cubbies, ndi zogawa zipinda—aphunzitsi amatha kusiyanitsa malo osiyanasiyana m'kalasi. Kulekanitsa kumeneku kumathandiza kugawa malo ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana komanso kungathandize kuchepetsa zosokoneza.

Sinthani 2 pa 3

Zoyala: Mu magiredi a pulayimale, aphunzitsi angagwiritse ntchito makapeti akuluakulu posonyeza komwe gulu lonse lidzaphunzitsidwe. Angagwiritse ntchito makapeti ang'onoang'ono posonyeza malo okhala ndi zolinga zina, monga malo owerengera, malo ogwirira ntchito chete, kapena malo ochitira zinthu zamagulu ang'onoang'ono.

Sinthani 3 pa 3

Malo otsekedwa: Aphunzitsi angagwiritse ntchito tepi yojambulidwa kuti asonyeze malire owoneka pansi, matebulo, kapena malo ena. Malo ojambulidwa akhoza kusonyeza madera omwe zochitika zosiyanasiyana zimachitika (monga malo osewerera, malo aukadaulo) kapena malo omwe ophunzira saloledwa (monga desiki ya aphunzitsi, malo osungiramo zinthu). Ndi othandiza kwambiri kwa ophunzira kuti azitha kuwona malo awoawo.

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Madera amalire atha kuyimiridwa ndi:

• Makonzedwe a mipando
• Zoyala
• Kuchotsa malo pansi

Zizindikiro zowoneka

Zothandizira zamtunduwu zimakhala ngati zikumbutso zopanda mawu kapena zolimbikitsa. Zowonera zitha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu, zithunzi, zithunzi, zizindikilo, zolemba, kapena kuphatikiza kulikonse. Ophunzira omwe ali ndi autism nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zowonera mosavuta komanso mwachangu kuposa chilankhulo cholankhulidwa, kupangitsa zowoneka kukhala njira yothandiza yofotokozera tanthauzo, ziyembekezo, ndi malangizo.

Unikaninso chiwonetsero chazithunzi chomwe chili m'munsimu cha zitsanzo za zowonera zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mkalasi.

Sinthani 1 pa 5

Zolemba: Zolemba—zokhala ndi zithunzi, zithunzi, ndi zolemba—zingathandize ophunzira kuyenda m'kalasi ndikupeza zinthu kapena malo enaake. Aphunzitsi amatha kuwonjezera zilembo zooneka m'ziwiya (monga makrayoni, mapensulo, masewera), malo ophunzirira (monga laibulale ya m'kalasi, ngodya yopumulira), malo ofunikira (monga ntchito yosamalizidwa, malo operekera homuweki), kapena zinthu za ophunzira (monga, malo osungiramo zinthu, malo osungiramo zinthu, bokosi la zinthu).

Sinthani 2 pa 5

Kuyika mitundu: Kulemba mitundu kumaphatikizapo kugawa mitundu inayake ku magulu osiyanasiyana a zinthu mkalasi. Mwachitsanzo, aphunzitsi amatha kupaka utoto malinga ndi mutu, gulu laling'ono, kapena wophunzira payekhapayekha. Mtundu woperekedwa wa gulu lililonse ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zomangira, mafoda, ma notebook, zitini zosinthira, ndi madera ena ofanana mkalasi. Dongosololi limathandizira kukonza zinthu ndipo limapangitsa kuti ophunzira azitha kuyang'anira zinthu mosavuta komanso kusintha zinthu mosavuta.

Sinthani 3 pa 5

Zikumbutso zomwe zikuchitika nthawi yomweyo: Aphunzitsi angagwiritse ntchito zizindikiro zooneka kuti apatse ophunzira zikumbutso zachinsinsi komanso mwachangu popanda kulankhula kapena kuletsa kalasi. Mwachitsanzo, mphunzitsi angapereke chidziwitso polemba uthenga papepala lomatira, kujambula chithunzi chosavuta pa bolodi laling'ono loyera, kapena kuloza khadi la zithunzi pa chingwe.

Sinthani 4 pa 5

Zowerengera nthawi zowonera: Ma timing'alu owonera nthawi amasonyeza kupita kwa nthawi pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chowoneka chomwe chikuchepa, monga mchenga womwe ukugwa kudzera mu hourglass kapena disk yofiirira ikuchepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti amapereka chithunzi chenicheni cha nthawi, angathandize ophunzira omwe ali ndi autism kumvetsetsa bwino kutalika kwa ntchitoyo komanso nthawi yotsala.

Sinthani 5 pa 5

Malangizo owoneka: Malangizo owoneka ndi mndandanda wa zithunzi kapena zizindikiro zomwe zimagawa ntchito zambirimbiri, monga kusamba m'manja kapena kumasula thumba lachikwama. Malangizo awa a sitepe ndi sitepe akhoza kuyikidwa pamalo pomwe ntchitoyi ikuchitikira (monga pafupi ndi sinki, mu loko) kuti athandize ophunzira kumvetsetsa ndi kumaliza zochitika zawo paokha.

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Zizindikiro zowoneka zingaphatikizepo:

• Zolemba pa zinthu kapena malo
• Zolemba zamitundu (mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi gawo la phunziro, ndi wophunzira payekha)
• Zithunzi zowoneka zamakhalidwe omwe amayembekezeka (mwachitsanzo, zikwangwani zamalamulo, zowonetsa kuchuluka kwa mawu, zikumbutso zomata)
• Mayendedwe owoneka bwino a machitidwe kapena ntchito (mwachitsanzo, masitepe osamba m'manja kapena njira yolowera m'mawa)
• Zowonera nthawi

Madongosolo owonera

Zothandizira zamtunduwu zimalumikizana ndi zochitika kapena ntchito mwanjira yowonera. Madongosolo owoneka amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, zithunzi, zithunzi, zizindikilo, zolemba, kapena kuphatikiza kulikonse kwa media ndipo amatha kutengera nthawi zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pazochitika zingapo mpaka tsiku lonse. Amathandizira ophunzira omwe ali ndi autism kumvetsetsa ndi kuyembekezera zomwe zikubwera, zomwe zimachepetsa nkhawa, zimathandizira kusintha kwabwino, komanso kulimbikitsa ufulu. Ndondomeko zowonetsera ziyenera kusankhidwa payekha payekha kwa wophunzira aliyense.

Unikaninso chiwonetsero chazithunzi chomwe chili m'munsimu kuti mupeze zitsanzo zamadongosolo owoneka bwino asukulu ndi m'kalasi.

Sinthani 1 pa 4

Choyamba-kenako matabwa: Choyamba-kenako matabwa Ndi njira yosavuta kwambiri yowonera nthawi yophunzira ndipo imafotokoza zomwe wophunzira ayenera kuchita tsopano (choyamba) ndi zomwe adzachita pambuyo pake (kenako). Mabolodi oyamba nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ophunzira achichepere komanso omwe amaona kuti nthawi yayitali ndi yovuta. Angakhale othandiza makamaka kwa ophunzira omwe amafunika kuwona kuti ntchito kapena mphotho yomwe amakonda idzatsatira ntchito yomwe siikufunidwa kwenikweni kapena yovuta.

Sinthani 2 pa 4

Ndondomeko za zithunzi zosunthika: Kumayambiriro kwa tsiku kapena nthawi ina yomwe mukufuna, zithunzi za zochitika zimayikidwa motsatira dongosolo kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi kapena kumanzere kupita kumanja. Akamaliza ntchito, wophunzirayo amachotsa chithunzicho, n’kuchiika pamalo enaake, kenako n’kupita ku ntchito yotsatira yomwe yakonzedwa. Nthawi zambiri, aphunzitsi amagwiritsa ntchito mikwingwirima ya Velcro kapena maginito popanga ndondomekozi.

Sinthani 3 pa 4

Ndondomeko zolembedwa: Ndandanda yolembedwa ndi yothandiza kwa owerenga omwe angathe kukonza zolemba pawokha. Pamene chochitika chilichonse chikuchitika, ophunzira amasankha kapena kuchotsa chinthu chomwe chili pa ndandanda. Kutengera zosowa za wophunzirayo, ndandandayo ingakhalenso ndi nthawi kapena malo enieni a chochitika chilichonse kapena zithunzi kapena zizindikiro kuti ziwonjezere zomwe zalembedwa. Ndandanda yolembedwa ikhoza kukhala yosavuta kunyamula komanso yosabisika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yabwino kwa ophunzira achikulire.

Sinthani 4 pa 4

Ndondomeko za digito: Pali mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana omwe angathandize kupanga ma schedule owoneka pa piritsi, foni, kapena chipangizo china. Chifukwa cha chibadwa chawo cha digito, ma schedule awa ndi osavuta kusintha ndikusintha ngati pakufunika kutero. Ngati ophunzira ali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo tsiku lonse la sukulu, zida izi zitha kukhala njira zothandiza kwambiri zolankhulirana zochitika zosiyanasiyana kapena masitepe angapo pantchito.

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• Choyamba-kenako matabwa
• Zovala za Velcro zokhala ndi zithunzi za ntchito zomwe zitha kuchotsedwa zikatha
• Lembani mndandanda wa zochitika ndi mabokosi olembera kuti mutsimikize
• Madongosolo a digito pa piritsi kapena chipangizo china

x

choyamba-kenako bolodi

matanthauzo

Kubwerera ku Challenge

Chifukwa cha zosowa zawo zapadera, ana omwe ali mu Challenge amapindula ndi kusintha ndi chithandizo chosiyanasiyana m'malo ophunzirira. Sankhani chithunzi cha Rogan kuti mudziwe momwe amapindulira ndi kapangidwe kake ndi machitidwe odziwikiratu.

Kuti mumve zambiri pazomwe zakambidwa patsamba lino, onaninso zinthu zotsatirazi za IRIS. Chonde dziwani kuti izi sizofunikira kuwerenga kuti mumalize gawoli. Maulalo kuzinthu izi angapezeke mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera pa tsamba la References, Zowonjezera, ndi Ma Credits. Kayendetsedwe ka Makhalidwe A M'kalasi (Gawo 1): Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri ndi Zoyambira Zoyambira Gawoli likuwonetsa zotsatira za makhalidwe osokoneza komanso mfundo zofunika kwambiri ndi machitidwe oyambira okhudzana ndi kasamalidwe kabwino ka khalidwe la m'kalasi, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe pa khalidwe, kulengedwa kwa nyengo zabwino ndi makalasi okonzedwa, ndi zina zambiri (est. Nthawi yomaliza: maola a 2). Kayendetsedwe ka Makhalidwe A M'kalasi (Gawo 2, Elementary): Kupanga Ndondomeko Yoyendetsera Makhalidwe Wopangidwa makamaka ndi aphunzitsi a pulayimale ndi apakati m'maganizo (mwachitsanzo, kalasi ya K-5), gawoli likuwunikiranso zigawo zazikulu za dongosolo la kasamalidwe ka khalidwe la m'kalasi (kuphatikizapo malamulo, ndondomeko, ndi zotsatira zake) ndikuwongolera ogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira ndondomeko yawo yoyendetsera khalidwe la m'kalasi (est. Nthawi yomaliza: maola a 2). Kasamalidwe ka Makhalidwe a M'kalasi (Gawo 2, Sekondale): Kupanga Ndondomeko Yoyendetsera Makhalidwe Yopangidwa makamaka ndi aphunzitsi apakati ndi apamwamba m'maganizo (mwachitsanzo, giredi 6-12), gawoli likuwunikiranso zigawo zazikulu za dongosolo la kasamalidwe ka khalidwe la m'kalasi (kuphatikizapo malamulo, ndondomeko, ndi zotsatira zake) ndikuwatsogolera ogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira ndondomeko yawo yoyendetsera khalidwe la m'kalasi (est. Nthawi yomaliza: maola a 2).