Ndeapi mamwe mashoko angaonekwa nechikoro achibatsira pakusarudza nzira yokushandisa?
Peji 4: Chikonzero cheRTI: Kukurumidza Kupindira uye Kuzivikanwa Kwehurema Pakudzidza
Dzvanya pabhaisikopo riri pazasi uye woona iyo S-Team ichiramba ichiunganidza ruzivo rwunogona kuvabatsira mukuita kwavo sarudzo (nguva: 0:54).
Transcript: Iyo Sarudzo Yekuita Maitiro
Nhengo dzeRosa Parks S-Team dzakagadzikana neIQ-kubudirira mutsauko modhi inoshandiswa kuona vadzidzi vane hurema hwekudzidza. Maitiro acho akatwasuka-mberi: Vadzidzi vanotumirwa, vanoedzwa neanoongorora, uye vanoonekwa sevane hurema kana kwete. Nekudaro, nhengo dzeS-Team dzinoshamisika kana iyo RTI modhi inogona kugadzirisa zvimwe zvekushungurudzika kwavo. Ivo vanofarira chokwadi chekuti RTI modhi inogona kuwana rubatsiro kune vanonetsekana vaverengi kutanga uye inogona kushandiswa kuona vadzidzi vane hurema hwekudzidza. Saka vanoda kudzidza zvakatowanda nezvazvo. S-Team inoshamisika kana RTI iri nzira inogona kuunza rubatsiro kuvadzidzi vakaita semuverengi murombo mukirasi yaVaHess, kuitira kuti vasatambure kwemakore vasati vawana kuraira kwakanyanya uye kutsigirwa. Chikwata chine mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro pekuti RTI ingabatsire sei vadzidzi vavo uye kuti ingakanganisa here nguva yekupihwa kweakakosha ed masevhisi.
Ndechipi Chikonzero Chekushandisa RTI?
RTI inzira yekudzivirira ine chinangwa chekuona vadzidzi vari kunetsekana vasati vadonha zvakanyanya kumashure kwevezera ravo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti vamwe vadzidzi vanonetseka nekuverenga nekuda kwezvikonzero zvisiri zvekuremara pakudzidza. Zvisinei nechikonzero, RTI ichabatsira vadzidzi kuwana rairo yakakodzera uye kupindira kunodiwa kuvandudza kufambira mberi kwavo mudzidzo. Pamusoro pezvo, nekupa kupindira mumagiredhi ekutanga, RTI inogona zvakare kudzivirira kuzivikanwa kusina kufanira kwevadzidzi kune mamwe mabasa edzidzo. Funga nezveRTI seneti yekuchengetedza inopa rubatsiro runodiwa kuvadzidzi vasati vawana mukana wekukundikana.
Vagadziri vemitemo vaisanganisira RTI sesarudzo muIDEA 2004 vane tarisiro huru yekuti RTI ichaita:
- Kurudzirai nekutungamira nyanzvi kuti dzipindire pachine nguva nekuda kwenhamba huru yevadzidzi vari panjodzi yekufoira chikoro
- Kumiririra imwe nzira inoshanda yekuziva kuremara pakudzidza (LD) nekudzikisa huwandu hwe "zvekunyepa kwakanaka" (kureva, vadzidzi vasina kubudirira vanopihwa mavara eLD asi vane matambudziko ari nekuda kwekusadzidziswa kwakakwana kwete nekuremara)
Ndezvipi Zvakanakira Kushandisa RTI?
Ngationgororei zvakadzama mabhenefiti maviri makuru eRTI ataurwa pamusoro apa:
- Kurumidza kupindira
- Kuzivikanwa kwehurema hwekudzidza
Zvakanakira Kupindira Kwekutanga
izwi kukurumidza kupindira-kureva, kupa rubatsiro kuvadzidzi nekukurumidza, pavanotanga kunetseka-inoshandiswa muIDEA 2004 uye inoreva kupihwa kwedziviriro kuvadzidzi. pamberi vanozivikanwa sevakaremara. (Izwi harifanirwe kuvhiringwa ne kupindira kwekutanga, zvinoreva masevhisi edzidzo yevana vadiki zvikuru.) Sezvawakadzidza muchiitiko cheDambudziko, vadzidzi vazhinji vanonetsekana nehunyanzvi hwekuverenga mumakore avo epuraimari. Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti vadzidzi vanoomerwa nekudzidza kuverenga havagone kubata vezera ravo pasina kutanga, kwakasimba, uye kunobatsira kupindira. Vazhinji vevadzidzi ava havagamuchire rairo yakasimba yavanoda kutozosvikira vaonekwa sevane hurema hwekuverenga, chimwe chinhu chisingawanzo kuitika kusvika giredhi rechitatu kana kuti gare gare.
Chinhu chakakosha cheRTI uye chemaitiro ekutanga kupindira ndechekuti ivo vanopa tsvakiridzo-yakatenderwa kupindira apo vadzidzi vanotanga kunetseka, kusanganisira vadzidzi vasina hurema. Heano mamwe mapfundo makuru okurangarira. RTI uye kupindira kwekutanga:
- Ita shuwa kuti vadzidzi vese vanowana dzidziso yemhando yepamusoro mukirasi yedzidzo yakazara
- Kurudzira kupindira nekukasika apo matambudziko ekuverenga evadzidzi aburitswa
- Dzivirira matambudziko makuru ekuverenga kubva pakukura
- Deredza kutumira zvisina kufanira uye kuiswa mudzidzo yakakosha yevadzidzi vane hurema hwekudzidza
Teerera Larry Wexler, anobva kuHofisi yeDzidzo Yepamusoro yeUnited States, paanenge achitaura nezvemamwe mazwi ane chekuita nekutanga kupindira uye chikonzero chekushandisa nzira dzekukurumidza kupindira.
Larry Wexler, PhD
Mutungamiriri, Tsvakurudzo yeKudzidzira Chikamu
US Department of Education Office
Yezvirongwa Zvedzidzo Yakakosha
Terminology yakabatana nekutanga kupindira
(nguva: 1:37)
Kukosha kwekukurumidza kupindira
(nguva: 1:04)
Chinyorwa: Larry Wexler, PhD
Terminology yakabatana nekutanga kupindira
Pane kumwe kuvhiringika nekuti kune mamwe mazwi akafanana zvakanyanya ari kushandiswa zvichienderana nemutemo. Rega nditange netemu rekuti early intervention. Kupindira kwekutanga pasi peIDEA kune chirevo chaicho. Iri kutaura nezveChirongwa chedu cheChikamu C cheVacheche neVacheche, chinova chirongwa chinogadzirisa zvinodiwa nevacheche nevacheche, vanozvarwa kusvika pamakore matatu. Uye chirongwa chemhuri chakafanana nedzidzo yakakosha, asi chakanyanya kuwanda mhuri. Saka kana tichiti kupindira kwekutanga, zvatiri kureva chirongwa chevacheche nevacheche. Zvino, kana tichiti “kupindira kare,” ndiko kutora zvirevo zvakawanda. Vadzidzisi vazhinji, kana vakanzwa kupindira kwekutanga, vanongotora sekusvika kuvana nekukurumidza sezvavanogona, kusvika kwavari vasati vakundikana. Ndiyo nzira yekutanga kupindira generic maitiro. Asi kutanga kupindira pasi peIDEA 2004 zvakare kune chirevo chaicho. Zvinoreva masevhisi anogona kupihwa ari esainzi masevhisi munzvimbo yevadzidzi uye maitiro. Uye aya mabasa anopiwa kuvana vasati vaonekwa sevanoda dzidzo yakakosha.
Chinyorwa: Larry Wexler, PhD
Kukosha kwekukurumidza kupindira
Zvakanaka, ndinofunga kuti chinonyanya kukosha pane izvi ndechekuti kwemakore makumi matatu apfuura tanga tine yatinodaidza kuti "kumirira-kutadza" modhi, izvo zvinoreva kuti vadzidzi vanofanirwa kufoira vasati vawana ongororo kana kugamuchira masevhisi. Uye iyo pfungwa yese yekupindira nekukurumidza ndeyekushandisa maitiro esainzi izvo zvinozoita kuti vana vabudirire. Rimwe divi kune izvozvo nderekuti vadzidzi vazhinji vanopedzisira vapinda mudzidzo yakakosha ndivo vatinodaidza kuti "kukuvadzwa kwedzidziso." Vanokuvara padzidziso ndivo vana vasingabudiriri nekuti havana kuwana rairo yakanaka. Saka chinangwa chese chekupindira nguva ichiripo, chekutanga, kushandisa zvinyorwa zvesainzi zvatinoziva zvinoshanda zvichibva mukutsvagisa uye, chechipiri chezvese, kuvaendesa kuvana vasati vakundikana, kuitira kuti kana ivo vachida dzidzo yakakosha, vanozivikanwa kare kare.
Mabhenefiti ekuzivikanwa kweKuremara paKudzidza
Nzira yeRTI ine mabhenefiti akawanda, kunyanya kana ichishandiswa mukuzivikanwa kwevadzidzi vane hurema hwekuverenga kana kudzidza. Zvimwe zvezvakanakira izvozvo zvinosanganisira:
- Kuve nechokwadi chekuti vaverengi vari kunetseka vawana rairo yemhando yepamusoro pamberi kuendeswa kudzidzo yakakosha kunoitwa
- Kushandisa data rekirasi, pane kutarisisa, kuita sarudzo dzekuti vadzidzi vanofanira kuendeswa kunoongororwa mabasa edzidzo.
- Kuendesa masevhisi pakarepo vadzidzi pavanotanga kunetseka
Zve Ruzivo Rwako
“Pane avo vane 'kuremara kudzidza chaiko,' 80 muzana varipo [mudzidzo inokosha] nemhaka bedzi yokuti handina kudzidza kuverenga...Matambudziko ekuverenga anogona kunge asiri iwo ega nzvimbo yekuomerwa, asi inzvimbo yakaguma nekuiswa kwedzidzo yakakosha."
(Komisheni yeMutungamiriri weKunakisa muDzidzo Yakakosha, 2002)
“Zvatakawana ndezvekuti kana tikadzidzisa vana vedu vane hurema [hwekudzidza] kuverenga, tinogona kuvhara mukaha we[budiriro].”
(Johnnie Grissom, Associate Commissioner, Kentucky Dhipatimendi reDzidzo)
Makakatanwa nemakakatanwa akatenderedza nzira yekuziva vadzidzi vane hurema hwekudzidza kubvira pakavambwa ndima yehurema hwekudzidza. Zvizhinji zvekunetseka zvinobva mukushandiswa kweIQ bvunzo mukuita kwekuongorora. Nekudaro, RTI inopa mhinduro dzinoshanda kune dzakawanda zvezvinetswa izvi. Tafura iri pazasi inoongorora zvimwe zvingangove zvinonetsa neIQ-yekubudirira mutsauko modhi uye inotsanangura kuti nzira yeRTI inozvigadzirisa sei:
| Concerns About the IQ-Discrepancy Model |
Zvakanakira zveRTI |
| Ongororo hadziwanzosarura pakati pekuremara uye mhedzisiro yemaitiro asina kukwana edzidziso. | Mukana wokuti kusadzidziswa kwakakwana chisakiso chezvinetso zvekufunda unoderera. |
| Kusarura kunogona kukonzera kusazivikanwa kwevadzidzi. |
Rusarura runowanikwa mukutumira uye maitiro ekuongorora anodzikira. Kuzivikanwa kunoenderana nekuita chaiko kwekirasi (kureva, kufambira mberi kwekutarisa data). |
| Vadzidzi vanofanira kutanga vakundikana kuitira kuti vakwanise kuwana dzidzo inokosha. |
Vadzidzi vashoma vanonetseka vasati vawana rubatsiro. Nguva yenguva yekutamburira vadzidzi yakadzikira zvakanyanya. |
| Mibairo kubva muongororo haizivise maitiro ekuraira. | Iko kufambira mberi kwekutarisa data kunobatsira mune zvekuisa sarudzo uye inogona kushandiswa kuzivisa uye kuongorora maitiro ekuraira. |
| Vadzidzi vazhinji havazadzise zvimiro zvemisiyano asi vangangobatsirikana kubva mukuzivikanwa kwekutanga uye rutsigiro rwekugadzirisa hunyanzvi hwavo. | Vadzidzi vari kunetseka muzvidzidzo vanowana rutsigiro nekukasira uye kupindira. |
Mune iyoodhiyo iri pazasi, Sharon Vaughn, mutungamiri anozivikanwa munyika munzvimbo dzekuraira kwekuverenga uye RTI, anokurukura kusimba kweiyo RTI maitiro pamusoro peIQ-achievement mutsauko modhi (nguva: 1:23).
Sharon Vaughn, PhD
Purofesa wedzidzo inokosha
Mutungamiriri weVaughn Gross Reading Center
University of Texas, Austin
Chinyorwa: Sharon Vaughn, PhD
Nzira yeRTI inopa mikana yekukurumidza kuzivikanwa, kune imwe nzira inotarisana nekudzivirira, uye, zvichida kunyanya kukosha, kuti zvikoro zviongorore mudzidzi wose uye kupa mudzidzi wose mukana wekupiwa murayiridzo wekuwedzera kana vachiuda, panzvimbo pekutsamira zvakakwana pakutonga kwevadzidzisi. Zvino, chero bedzi ndichitaura nezvazvo semubairo, ndinofunga zvakakoshawo kuti isu tiyeuke kuti hatidi kubvisa kutonga kwevadzidzisi, izvo isu tese tinobvumirana zvakakosha. Tinoda kuve nechokwadi chekuti vadzidzisi vane mukana wekushandisa cherechedzo dzavo, kutonga kwavo kwekiriniki, maonero avo, uye ruzivo rwavanotora zuva nezuva nezvevana kuti vafurire anoonekwawo ari panjodzi. Asi mukana mukuru wandinoona ndewekuti RTI inopa mukana wekunyatso fungisisa nezve kumiririrwa kwakashata. Nekuti izvo zvazvinotibvumira kuita ndezvekuti, kuburikidza nekutanga kuongorora uye kupindira uye kutsigira vadzidzi nevadzidzisi, mukana wekubvisa akawanda ezvingangove zvakarerekera zvine chekuita nemaitiro anotsamira zvachose pakutumirwa kwemudzidzisi.
Kuitwa kwemaitiro eRTI kunofanira kusanganisira kuronga nekurongana. Vashandi vanobva kuzvikoro, matunhu, uye nyika vanofanirwa kunyatsofunga kuti vachaita sei:
- Ongorora kunaka uye kushanda kwekuraira kwekuverenga kuri kushandiswa mukirasi yedzidzo yeruzhinji
- Ita shuwa kuti vese vadzidzisi vedzidzo (vadzidzisi, paraprofessionals, nezvimwewo) vane ruzivo nezve RTI maitiro uye vakanyatso dzidziswa kuita mapindiro edzidziso.
- Tarisa kuraira uye kupindira kazhinji kuti uongorore kushanda kwayo
- Shandura basa razvino uye mabasa evashandi (semuenzaniso, vadzidzi vepfungwa vechikoro, vadzidzisi, paraprofessionals) vanobatanidzwa mukuzivikanwa uye kupindira.
- Sarudza maitiro ekuongorora uye maitiro ekuisa
Imwe pfungwa yekupedzisira yekuitwa kweRTI kushanda kwayo nevadzidzi vanobva kwakasiyana tsika nemitauro. Vamwe vanotsigira nzira yeRTI vanoratidza kuti kudzidziswa kwedzidzo kwakavandudzwa uye kushandiswa kwekupindira kwakatenderwa kunovandudza hunyanzvi hwedzidzo uye zvozoderedza kumiririrwa kwevadzidzi ava mudzidzo yakakosha. Iyi, zvakare, inyaya inofanirwa kunyatsotariswa.
Teerera apo Leonard Baca anokurukura RTI maererano nevadzidzi vanobva kwakasiyana tsika nemitauro kwakasiyana (nguva: 1:21).
Leonard Baca, PhD
Mutungamiriri, BUENO Center for Multicultural Education
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chinyorwa: Leonard Baca, PhD
RTI sehuzivi, ndinofunga, yakanaka kwazvo uye yandaizotsigira. Ikozvino, kana uchinge watarisa paRTI, unogona kuzvitarisa uchive chishandiso chekuongorora chekunyora mazita eLD, kana kuti unogona kungozvitarisa senzira yekushandira vana vane zvavanoda. Panyaya yekushandira vana vane zvavanoda, ndinofunga inzira yakanaka uye muenzaniso wakanaka. Asi paunotanga kuishandisa senzira yekuongorora panzvimbo yemuenzaniso wekusiyana, ndinofunga kuti inomutsa zvimwe zvinonetsa uye zvinetso zvevana vane mitauro yakasiyana. Ini ndinofunga chakanyanya kukosha chidzoreso, ndinofungidzira iwe ungachidaidza, cheiyo RTI sisitimu sezvatinoziva nezvayo ndeyekuti haina munzvimbo ipi neipi inotaura nezvedzidzo inoteerera tsika.
Kuenda kune iyo RTI modhi kunoisa yakawanda nguva, simba, uye zviwanikwa kune vana vasina kubudirira mune zvese uye, nenzira iyoyo, zvinobatsira kudzivirira kumwe kusarudzika. Ose ari maviri emhando yekusiyanisa uye RTI haana kukwana, uye hapana kana mumwe wavo anoita basa rebenzi rekushanda nevana vemitauro-vashoma. Asi kana isu tine kusimudzira kwevashandi kwakasimba kwakabatanidzwa, ndinofunga ndinowanzo kuburuka padivi rekuenda kuRTI modhi pane kumirira kusvika vakundikana.
