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  • Addressing Challenging Behaviors (Part 2, Secondary): Behavioral Strategies
Challenge
Initial Thoughts
Perspectives & Resources

What strategies can educators implement to prevent or address challenging behaviors?

  • 1: Strategies to Address Challenging Behaviors
  • 2: Behavior-Specific Praise
  • 3: Precorrection
  • 4: Active Supervision
  • 5: High-Probability Requests
  • 6: Opportunities to Respond
  • 7: Choice Making
  • 8: Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

Resources

  • 9: References, Additional Resources, and Credits
Wrap Up
Assessment
Provide Feedback

Resources

Page 9: References, Additional Resources, and Credits

To cite this module, please use the following:

The IRIS Center. (2005, 2023). Addressing Challenging Behaviors (Part 2, Secondary): Behavioral Strategies. Retrieved from https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/bi2-sec/

References

Note: The references in this section reflect the source material used to construct this module. The links to these references are not updated.

Allday, R.A., Hinkson-Lee, K., Hudson, T., Neilsen-Gatti, S., Kleinke, A., & Russel, C.S. (2012). Training general educators to increase behavior-specific praise: Effects on students with EBD. Behavioral Disorders, 37(2), 87-98.

Aldrup, K., Klusmann, U., Lüdtke, O., Göllner, R., & Trautwein, U. (2018). Student misbehavior and teacher well-being: Testing the mediating role of the teacher-student relationship. Learning and Instruction, 58, 126-136.

Allen, G. E., Common, E. A., Germer, K. A., Lane, K. L., Buckman, M. M., Oakes, W. P., & Menzies, H. M. (2020). A systematic review of the evidence base for active supervision in pre-K–12 settings. Behavioral Disorders, 45(3), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0198742919837646

Aloe, A.M., Shislet, S.M., Norris, B.D., Nickerson, A.B., & Rinker, T.W. (2014). A multivariate meta-analysis of student misbehavior and teacher burnout. Educational Research Review,12, 30-44.

Athens, E.S., & Vollmer, T.R. (2010). An investigation of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior without extinction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 569-589.

Caldarella, P., Larsen, R.A.A., Williams, L., Downs, K.R., Wills, H.P., & Wehby, J.H. (2020). Effects of teachers’ praise-to-reprimand ratios on elementary students’ on-task behavior. Educational Psychology, 40(10), 1306-1322.

Clarke, L.S., Haydon, T., Bauer, A., & Epperly, A.C. (2016). Inclusion of students with an intellectual disability in the general education classroom with the use of response cards. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 60(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2014.966801

Common, E.A., Bross, L.A., Oakes, W.P., Cantwell, E.D., Lane, K.L., & Germer, K.A. (2019). Systematic review of high probability requests in K-12 settings: Examining the evidence base. Behavioral Disorders, 45(1), 3-21.

Cowan, R.J., Abel, L., & Candel, L. (2017). A meta-analysis of single-subject research on behavioral momentum to enhance success in students with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 1464-1477.

Davis, C.A., Reichle, J.E., & Southard, K.L. (2000). High-probability requests and a preferred item as a distractor: Increasing successful transitions in children with behavior problems. Education and Treatment of Children, 23, 423-440.

Davis, D.H., Fredrick, L.D., Alberto, P.A., & Gama, R. (2012). Functional communication training without extinction using concurrent schedules of differing magnitudes of reinforcement in classrooms. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 14(3), 162-172.

Downs, K. R., Caldarella, P., Larsen, R. A.A., Charlton, C. T., Wills, H. P., Kamps, D. M., & Wehby, J. H. (2018). Teacher praise and reprimands: The differential response of students at risk of emotional and behavioral disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 21(3), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300718800824

EBI Network. (2011). Differential reinforcement of an incompatible or alternative behavior. Retrieved from https://education.missouri.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2013/04/Differential-Reinforcement-of-an-Incompatible-or-Alternative-Behavior.pdf

Ennis, R.P., Lane, K.L., & Flemming, S.C. (2021). Empowering teachers with low-intensity strategies: Supporting students at-risk for EBD with instructional choice during reading. Exceptionality, 29(1), 61-79

Ennis, R.P., Royer, D.J., Lane, K.L., & Griffith, C.E. (2017). A systematic review of precorrection in PK-12 settings. Education and Treatment of Children, 40(4), 465-496.

Ennis, R.P., Schwab, J.R., & Jolivette, K. (2012). Using precorrection as a secondary-tier intervention for reducing problem behaviors in instructional and noninstructional settings. Beyond Behavior. 22(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107429561202200107

Evanoich, L.L., & Kern, L. (2018). Precorrection: Preventing predictable problem behaviors in school settings. Beyond Behavior, 27(2), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074295618769892

Fitzgerald Leahy, L.R., Miller, F.G., & Schardt, A.A. (2019). Effects of teacher-directed opportunities to respond on student behavioral outcomes: A quantitative synthesis of single-case design research. Journal of Behavioral Education, 28, 78-106.

Flower, A., McKenna, J. & Haring. C. (2017). Behavior and classroom management: Are teacher preparation programs really preparing our teachers? Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 61(2), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2016.1231109

Flynn, S.D., & Lo, Y. (2016). Teacher implementation of trial-based functional analysis and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior for students with challenging behavior. Journal of Behavioral Education, 25, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-015-9231-2

Gage, N.A., Haydon, T., MacSuga-Gage, A.S., Flowers, E., & Erdy, L. (2020). An evidence-based review and meta-analysis of active supervision. Behavioral Disorders, 45(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0198742919851021

Griffith, D., & Tyner, A. (2019). Discipline reform through the eyes of teachers. Washington, D.C: Thomas B. Fordham Institute. Retrieved from http://fordhaminstitute.org/national/research/discipline-reform-through-the-eyes-of-teachers

Haydon, T., & Scott, T.M. (2008). Using common sense in common settings: Active supervision and precorrection in the morning gym. Intervention in School and Clinic, 43(5), 283-290.

Haydon, T., DeGreg, J., Maheady, L., Hunter, W. (2012). Using active supervision and precorrection to improve transition behaviors in a middle school classroom. Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools, 13(1), 81–94.

ibestt Project, University of Washington. (2017). Intervention guide: Choice making. ibestt. Retrieved from: http://www.education.uw.edu/ibestt/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Choice-Making.pdf

ibestt Project, University of Washington. (2017). Intervention guide: High-probability requests. ibestt. Retrieved from: https://www.education.uw.edu/ibestt/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/High-Probability-Requests.pdf

ibestt Project, University of Washington. (2017). Intervention guide: Opportunities to respond. ibestt. Retrieved from: https://www.education.uw.edu/ibestt/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Opportunities-to-Respond.pdf

Lane, K. L., Menzies, H. M., Ennis, R.P., Oakes, W. P. (2015). Supporting behavior for school success: A step-by-step guide to key strategies. New York: The Guilford Press.

Lane, K. L., Royer, D. J., Messenger, M. L., Common, E. A., Ennis, R. P., & Swogger, E. D. (2015). Empowering educators with low-intensity strategies to support academic engagement: Implementation and effects of instructional choice for elementary students in inclusive settings. Education & Treatment of Children, 38(4), 473-504.

LeGray, M.W., Dufrene, B.A., Mercer, S., Olmi, D.J., & Sterling, H. (2013). Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior in center-based classrooms: Evaluation of pre-teaching the alternative behavior. Journal of Behavioral Education, 22, 85-102.

LeGray, M.W., Dufrene, B.A., Sterling-Turner, H., Olmi, D.J., & Bellone, K. (2010). A comparison of function-based differential reinforcement interventions for children engaging in disruptive classroom behavior. Journal of Behavioral Education, 19, 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-010-9109-2

Lipschultz, J., & Wilder, D.A. (2017). Recent research on the high-probability instructional sequence: A brief review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 50(2), 424-428.

Maag, J.W. (2019). A meta-analysis and quality of high-probability request sequence studies for improving youth compliance and persistence. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science, 7, 17-30. https://doi.org/10.15640/jpbs.v7n1a3

MacSuga-Gage, A.S., & Simonsen, B. (2015). Examining the effects of teacher-directed opportunities to respond on student outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Education and Treatment of Children, 38(2), 211-240.

Martin, B., Sargent, K., Van Camp, A., & Wright, J. (2018). Intensive intervention practice guide: Increasing opportunities to respond as an intensive intervention. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED591076.pdf

McCormick, J., & Barnett, K. (2011). Teachers’ attributions for stress and their relationships with burnout. International Journal of Educational Management, 25(3), 278-293.

Muharib, R., Dowdy, A., Rajaraman, A., & Jessel, J. (2022). Contingency-based delay to reinforcement following functional communication training for autistic individuals: A multilevel meta-analysis. Autism, 36(4), 761-781.

O’Handley, R. D., Olmi, D. J., Dufrene, B. A., Radley, K. C., & Tingstrom, D. H. (2022). The Effects of Different Rates of Behavior-Specific Praise in Secondary Classrooms. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/10983007221091330

Oliver, R. M., & Reschly, D. J. (2007, December). Effective classroom management: Teacher preparation and professional development. National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality issue paper. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED543769.pdf

Ramsey, M.L., Jolivette, K., Patterson, D.P., & Kennedy, C., (2010). Using choice to increase time on-task, task-completion, and accuracy for students with emotional/behavior disorders in a residential facility. Education and Treatment of Children, 33(1), 1-21.

Rispoli, M., Lang, R., Neely, L., Camargo, S., Hutchins, N., Davenport, K., & Goodwyn, F. (2013). A comparison of within-and across-activity choices for reducing challenging behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Behavioral Education, 22, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-012-9164-y

Royer, D.J., Lane, K.L., Dunlap, K.D., & Ennis, R.P. (2019). A systematic review of teacher-delivered behavior-specific praise on K-12 student performance. Remedial and Special Education, 40(2), 112-128. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0741932517751054

Sullivan, W.E., & Roane, H.S. (2018). Incorporating choice in differential reinforcement of other behavior arrangements. Behavioral Development, 23(2), 130-137.

Sutherland, K.S., Wehby, J.H., & Copeland, S. R. (2000). Effect of varying rates of behavior-specific praise on the on-task behavior of students with EBD. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8, 2-8.

Trussell, R.P. (2008). Classroom universals to prevent problem behaviors. Intervention in School and Clinic, 43(3), 179-185.

Van Camp, A.M., Wehby, J.H., Martin, B.L.N., Wright, J.R., & Sutherland, K.S. (2020). Increasing opportunities to respond to intensify academic and behavioral interventions: A meta-analysis. School Psychology Review, 49(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2020.1717369

van der Mars, H., Darst, P., Vogler, B., & Cusimano, B. (1994). Active supervision patterns of physical education teachers and their relationship with student behaviors. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14(1), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.14.1.99

Wehby, J.H.,& Lane, K.L. (2019). Classroom management. In S.G. Little & A. Akin-Little (Eds.) Behavioral interventions in schools: Evidence-based positive strategies (2nd ed., pp. 61-76). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Zane, T., Davis, C. (2013). Differential reinforcement procedures of other behavior (DRO). In F.R. Volkmar (Ed.) Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. (pp. 962-966). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1903

Additional Resources

Articles

Bross, L.A., Common, E.A., Oakes, W.P., Lane, K.L., Menzies, H.M., & Ennis, R.P. (2018). High-probability request sequence: An effective, efficient low-intensity strategy to support student success. Beyond Behavior, 27(3), 140-145. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26974071

This article outlines the steps for implementing high-probability requests. It also includes practitioner perspectives and teaching tips.

Ennis, R.P., Lane, K.L., Menzies, H.M. & Owens, P.P. (2018). Precorrection: An effective, efficient, low-intensity strategy to support student success. Beyond Behavior, 27(3), 146-152. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26974072

This article outlines the steps for implementing precorrection. It also includes practitioner perspectives and teaching tips.

Ennis, R. P., Royer, D. J., Lane, K. L., Menzies, H. M., Oakes, W. P., & Schellman, L. E. (2018). Behavior-specific praise: An effective, efficient, low-intensity strategy to support student success. Beyond Behavior, 27(3), 134–139. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26974070

This article outlines the steps for implementing behavior-specific praise. It also includes practitioner perspectives and teaching tips.

Lane, K. L., Menzies, H. M., Ennis, R. P., Oakes, W. P., Royer, D. J., & Lane, K. S. (2018). Instructional choice: An effective, efficient, low-intensity strategy to support student success. Beyond Behavior, 27(3), 160–167. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26974074

This article outlines the steps for implementing instructional choice. It also includes practitioner perspectives and teaching tips.

Menzies, H. M., Lane, K. L., Oakes, W. P., Ruth, K., Cantwell, E. D., & Smith-Menzies, L. (2018). Active supervision: An effective, efficient, low-intensity strategy to support student success. Beyond Behavior, 27(3), 153–159. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26974073

This article outlines the steps for implementing active supervision. It also includes practitioner perspectives and teaching tips.

Book

Lane, K.L., Menzies, H.M., Oakes, W.P., & Kalberg, J.R. (2019). Developing a schoolwide framework to prevent and manage learning and behavior problems (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

This book guides its readers in how to design, implement, and evaluate comprehensive, integrated, three-tiered models of prevention. A chapter includes strategies on low-intensity, teacher-delivered strategies.

Online Resources

Chazin, K.T. & Ledford, J.R. (2016). Differential reinforcement. Evidence-based instructional practices for young children with autism and other disabilities. Retrieved from http://ebip.vkcsites.org/differential-reinforcement

This site includes an overview of the commonly used types of differential reinforcement: differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA), differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI), and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). Applied examples highlight how to implement each type of differential reinforcement and considerations for implementation are provided.

Center on PBIS. (2022). Supporting and responding to student’s social, emotional, and behavioral needs: evidence-based practices for educators (Version 2). Center on PBIS, University of Oregon. Retrieved from https://assets-global.website-files.com/5d3725188825e071f1670246/626c27c785879e08c1a7c8ea_Supporting%20and%20Responding%20to%20Students’%20Social%2C%20Emotional%2C%20and%20Behavioral%20Needs.pdf

This document serves as a guide to evidence-based social, emotional, and behavioral support in the classroom. It provides detailed matrices of several practices, including opportunities to respond, behavior-specific praise, and active supervision, among others. A self-assessment and action plan to implement the strategies discussed is also included.

Crowell, G., Thoele, J., DeAngelo, S., & Reilly, A. (2021). Practice guide: Using student choice to decrease challenging behaviors for elementary students with comorbid academic and behavior difficulties. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED619646.pdf

This practice guide describes different types of choice making interventions, as well as how to implement them. Additional resources to learn more about choice making are listed.

Credits

Content Experts

Kathleen Lane

Module Developers

Kim Skow
Pam Lehman
Sarah Price
Naomi Tyler

Video Script Developers

Johanna Staubitz
Alyssa Broaddus
Hanlin Chen

Module Production Team

Reviewers
Sara Ioannou
Jordan Lukins
Sarah Price
Sarah Semon
Deb Smith
Johanna Staubitz

Module Production Support Team

Transcripts
Pam Dismuke
Marona Graham-Bailey
Mary Hamilton

Audio engineer
Brenda Knight

Media specialist/technical support
Brenda Knight

Web master
John Harwood

Media

Narration
Brenda Knight

Photographer
Brenda Knight

Videographer
Cinematicfocus Video Productions, LLC

Graphics
Shutterstock (p. 1)
The acting-out cycle graphic (p. 1) has been adapted with permission from Colvin, G. (2004). Managing the cycle of acting-out behavior of the classroom. Eugene, OR: Behavior Associates.
All other graphics courtesy the IRIS Center.

Photos
“Harold Holmes” courtesy of Harold Holmes
“Janel Brown” courtesy of Janel Brown
“Kathleen Lane” courtesy Kathleen Lane
“Yesmery Sanchez” courtesy of Yesmery Sanchez
“Johanna Staubitz” courtesy of Johanna Staubitz

Expert Interviews

Harold Holmes (p. 2)
Janel Brown (pp. 3-4)
Kathleen Lane (pp. 5, 7)
Yesmery Sanchez (pp. 2, 6)
Johanna Staubitz (p. 8)

Acknowledgements

The IRIS Center would like to thank the following for their contributions to the behavior vignettes and photos in this module.

  • Johanna Staubitz, Alyssa Broaddus, and Hanlin Chen from Vanderbilt University’s Applied Behavior Analysis program (Department of Special Education) for developing video scripts and assisting with filming the videos.
  • The student actors and their parents.

When you are ready, proceed to the Wrap Up section.

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